Unit 5 Gas Exchanging & Breathing

Question 1

Thoracic Cage Components

Answer 1

• Sternum
• Ribs
• Costal cartilage
• Thoracic vertebrae

Question 2

Anterior Costal Cartilage

Answer 2

• Join ribs at sternum

Question 3

Posterior Costal Cartilage

Answer 3

• Joins vertebrae
• Forms costotransverse joint
• Forms costovertebral joints

Question 4

Costotransverse Joint

Answer 4

• Costal tubercle & transverse process of thoracic vertebrae

Question 5

Costovertebral Joint

Answer 5

• Head of rib & vertebral body

Question 6

Thoracic Muscles

Answer 6

• External intercostals
• Internal & innermost intercostals
• Diaphragm

Question 7

External Intercostals

Answer 7

• Inspiration
• Elevate ribs
• Superolateral to inferomedial ‘hands in pocket’

Question 8

Internal & Innermost Intercostals

Answer 8

• Forced expiration
• Depress rib
• Superomedial to inferolateral ‘grab collarbone’

Question 9

Diaphragm

Answer 9

• Inspiration
• Contract = lowering
• Increase volume of thoracic cavity

Question 10

Breathing

Answer 10

• Pressure change
• Dependant on thoracic cage volume

Question 11

Lung Tension

Answer 11

• Naturally want to collapse
• Stuck to visceral pleura
• Interstitium primary elastic

Question 12

Pleura

Answer 12

• Parietal & visceral layers create sac
• Decreases intrapleural pressure
• Decreases alveolar pressure

Question 13

Pneumothorax

Answer 13

• Puncture to pleural membrane
• Air in pleural space

Question 14

Pneumothorax Pressure Change

Answer 14

• Intrapleural = atmospheric pressure
• Lung no longer under tension
• Collapses

Question 15

Hemothorax

Answer 15

• Blood involved in pneumothorax

Question 16

Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 16

• Deoxygenated blood from right ventricle
• Bronchoplumonary segment

Question 17

Pulmonary Circulation Features

Answer 17

• High flow
• Low pressure & resistance

Question 18

Goal of Pulmonary Circulation

Answer 18

• Oxygenate blood

Question 19

Bronchial Circulation

Answer 19

• Oxygenated blood from left ventricle
• Bronchopulmonary segment
• Drains into pulmonary vein

Question 20

Bronchial Circulation Features

Answer 20

• High pressure & resistance

Question 21

Goal of Bronchial Circulation

Answer 21

• Perfuse lung tissue

Question 22

Tracheobronchial Tree

Answer 22

• One bronchopulmonary segment
• Arteries travel down centre
• Veins in periphery

Question 23

Bronchopulmonary Segment

Answer 23

• Tertiary segment
• Bronchi & lung tissue supplied

Question 24

Gas Exchange

Answer 24

• Diffusion of oxygen & carbon dioxide
• Between alveoli & pulmonary capillaries

Question 25

Gas Exchange Zones

Answer 25

- Pulmonary capillary - Fused basement membrane - Alveoli

Question 26

Ventilation

Answer 26

- Air in alveoli

Question 27

Perfusion

Answer 27

- Blood flow through capillaries

Question 28

Shunt Causes

Answer 28

- Asthma - Pulmonary edema - COPD - Pneumothorax - Gas trapping

Question 29

Shunt

Answer 29

- Adequate perfusion - No ventilation

Question 30

Dead Space Causes

Answer 30

- Hemorrhage - Dehydration - Pulmonary embolism

Question 31

Dead Space

Answer 31

- Adequate ventilation - No perfusion

Question 32

Pulmonary Edema

Answer 32

- Secondary to heart failure

Question 33

Pulmonary Edema Cause

Answer 33

- Blood not effectively pumped from left ventricle - Back up in pulmonary veins & lungs

Question 34

Pulmonary Edema Signs

Answer 34

- Swelling & leaking of pulmonary capillaries - Fluid accumulation - Increased Interstitium pressure - Fluid may leak into pleural cavity/mediastinum - Alveolar flooding