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1330/2222 Human Anatomy > Unit 1 Muscle Basics > Flashcards

Unit 1 Muscle Basics Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle Types

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
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2
Q

Skeletal Muscle Characteristics

A
  • Striated (myosin & actin)
  • Voluntary control
  • Multiple nucleus
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3
Q

Cardiac Muscle Characteristics

A
  • In heart
  • Striated
  • Involuntary control
  • Single nucleus
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4
Q

Smooth Muscle Characteristics

A
  • In viscera, blood vessels & skin
  • Not striated
  • Involuntary control
  • Single nucleus
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5
Q

Muscle Tissue Functions

A
  • Produce body movements (bone/tendon attachment)
    • Stabilize body positions
    • Producing heat (thermogenesis)
    • Storing & moving substances in body
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6
Q

Muscle Tissue Properties

A
  • Electrical excitability
  • Contractility
  • Elasticity
  • Extensibility
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7
Q

Electrical Excitability

A
  • Respond to stimuli
  • Electrical & chemical signals
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8
Q

Contractility

A
  • Attach to bone via tendons
  • Cells contract to generate force
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9
Q

Elasticity

A
  • Return to original length
  • After contraction & extension
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10
Q

Muscle Organization

A
  • Periosteum
  • Tendon
  • Epimysium
  • Fascicle
  • Perimysium
  • Endomysium
  • Myofibre
  • Myofibril
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11
Q

Periosteum Function

A
  • Lines surface of bone
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12
Q

Epimysium Function

A
  • Encases muscle
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13
Q

Fascicle

A
  • Bundle of myofibrils
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14
Q

Perimysium Function

A
  • Encases fascicle
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15
Q

Endomysium Function

A
  • Covers myofibre
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16
Q

Myofibre

A
  • Muscle cell
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17
Q

Myofibril

A
  • Think & thick filaments
  • Repeating units of sarcomeres
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18
Q

Sarcomere

A
  • Contractile unit of muscle
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19
Q

Z-Line

A
  • Two sets of actin (thin) fibers join together
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20
Q

M-Line

A
  • Two sets of myosin (thick) fibers join together
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21
Q

I-Band

A
  • Region within myofibril
  • Only actin present
22
Q

H-Band

A
  • Region within myofibril
  • Only myosin present
23
Q

A-Band

A
  • Full length of myosin region
    • Overlap with actin
  • Remains same width
24
Q

Myosin Structure

A
  • Formed by two pieces
    • Two heads & tails
    • Actin binding site at 1 head
  • ATP binding site at 1 head
25
Q

Actin Structure

A
  • Formed by series of balls
    • Double helix
    • Myosin binding site
    • Covered by tropomyosin
      -Troponin to interact with tropomyosin
26
Q

Muscle Attachment

A
  • attach to bones via tendons
27
Q

Tendon Composition

A
  • Continuation of fascial layers encasing muscle
28
Q

Muscle Contraction Signal Pathway

A
  • Brian
    • Brainstem
    • Spinal cord
    • Periphery
  • Upper & lower motor neuron
29
Q

Upper Motor Neuron

A
  • Takes contraction signal from brain
  • Down spinal cord
  • Synapse occurs
30
Q

Lower Motor Neuron

A
  • Carries contraction signal from spinal cord
    Out to muscle
31
Q

Contralateral Innervation

A
  • Signals originating on one side
  • Innervate opposite side
32
Q

Motor Unit Composition

A
  • Motor neuron
  • All muscle fibers innervated
33
Q

Force Production Equation

A

= Motor unit size + Firing frequency

34
Q

Low Force Contractions

A
  • Recruitment of small motor units
35
Q

High Force Contractions

A
  • Recruitment of large motor units
36
Q

Skeletal Fiber Types

A
  • Type I slow oxidative
  • Type II fast oxidative-glycolytic
  • Type Iix fast glycolytic
37
Q

Skeletal Fiber Composition

A
  • All muscles contain all fiber types
  • Varying proportions
  • Train specific fibers
38
Q

Slow Oxidative Fiber (Type I)

A
  • Slow fatigue rate
  • Low force
39
Q

Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fiber (Type II)

A
  • Medium fatigue rate
  • Medium force
40
Q

Fast Glycolytic Fiber (Type IIx)

A
  • Fast fatigue rate
  • High force
41
Q

Sliding Filament Theory Steps

A
  • Bound sate
    • Power stroke
    • Rigor state
    • Relaxed state
  • Binding state
42
Q

Muscle Contraction Characteristics

A
  • Repetitive crossbridge formation cycle
    • Elevated Ca++ levels
    • Requires ATP
    • Conformation change in myosin
  • Z-disks move closer
43
Q

Calcium (Ca++) Release

A
  • Flows out of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
  • Down concentration gradient
44
Q

Tendon/Muscle Injury Symptoms

A
  • Swelling/bruising/redness
  • Pain at rest
  • Inability to use muscle/weakness
45
Q

Grade 1 Tendon/Muscle Injury

A
  • Over-stretching
46
Q

Grade 2 Tendon/Muscle Injury

A
  • partial tear
47
Q

Grade 3 Tendon/Muscle Injury

A
  • complete tear
48
Q

Muscle Loss

A
  • Progressive with aging 30+
  • Replaced by fibrous connective tissue & adipose
49
Q

Muscle Loss Causes

A
  • Decreased voluntary neural control
  • Slow nerve conduction speed
  • Muscle fiber loss
50
Q

Exercise Benefits on Muscle

A
  • Increased bone density
  • Increased motor neuron firing rate
  • Hypertrophy (muscle size increase)
51
Q

Aerobic & Strength-Based Activities

A
  • Slows & reverses age-related muscle decline

1330/2222 Human Anatomy (32 decks)

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