Unit 1 Bones Flashcards
1
Q
Skeleton Functions
A
- Support & framework
- Leverage for movement
- Protection of vital organs
- Storage of minerals
- Blood cell production
2
Q
Axial Skeleton Components
A
- Skull
- Mandible (jaw)
- Sternum
- Ribs
- Vertebrae
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
3
Q
Appendicular Skeleton
A
- Everything not included in axial
4
Q
Upper Limb Components
A
- Scapula
- Clavicle
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Carpal bones
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
5
Q
Carpal Types
A
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform
- Trapezium
- Trapezoid
- Capitate
- Hamate
6
Q
Lower Limb Components
A
- Pelvic bones
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsal bones
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
7
Q
Tarasal Types
A
- Calcaneus
- Talus
- Navicular
- Cuboid
- Cuneiforms (3)
8
Q
Surface Anatomy Importance
A
- Clinical landmarking
9
Q
Von Hochstetter Triangle
A
- Gluteal region
- Injection without hitting nerves
- Identify iliac crest & anterior superior iliac spine
10
Q
Bone Fracture Types
A
- Comminuted
- Compression
- Epiphyseal
- Depressed
- Spiral
- Green stick
11
Q
Comminuted Fractures
A
- Bone fragments 3+ pieces
- Aged people (brittle bones)
12
Q
Compression Fractures
A
- Crushed bone
- Extreme trauma
- Porous bones (osteoporotic)
13
Q
Depressed Fractures
A
- Bone is pressed inwards
14
Q
Spiral Fractures
A
- Spiral line around bone
- Twisting cause
- Ragged break
- Sports/toddlers
15
Q
Green Stick Fractures
A
- Incomplete break
- 1 side broken, 1 side bent
16
Q
Compact Fracture
A
- Injure bone
- Pierce skin
17
Q
Simple Fracture
A
- Injure bone only
18
Q
Birth-Adolescents Bone Development
A
- production
- absorption
19
Q
Menopause Bone Development
A
- bone loss
- low estrogen levels
20
Q
Old People Bone Development
A
- brittle bones
21
Q
Bone Density Factors
A
- Strain experienced
- Aging
- Exercise
22
Q
Bone Density & Aging
A
- Loss of bone mass
- Demineralization (Ca decrease)
- Less protein synthesis
- Less collagen
- More fractures
23
Q
Bone Density & Exercise
A
- Alter strength in bone tissue
- Response to strain experiences
- High impact, intermittent strains
- Remodel bone normally (mechanical stress)
24
Q
Weakened Bones Occurrence
A
- Bedridden individuals
- Casts
- Astronauts
25
Strengthen Bones Occurrence
- Athletes
26
Bone Shapes
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
- Sesamoid
27
Long Bones
- Tubular shape
- Strength
- Structure
- Mobility
28
Long Bone Examples
- Humerus
- Femur
- Tibia
- Ulna
29
Short Bones
- Cuboidal shape
- Support
- Stability
- Limited movement
30
Short Bone Examples
- Carpals
- Tarsals
31
Flat Bones
- Protection
- Broad surfaces of muscle attachment
32
Flat Bone Examples
- Skull
- Pelvis
- Sternum
33
Irregular Bones
- Oddly shaped
- Nerve protection
- Skeletal muscle attachment
34
Irregular Bone Examples
- Facial bones
- Scapula (shoulder blade)
- Hyoid
- Vertebra
35
Sesamoid Bones
- Develop in tendons
- Cross long bones
- Protection of tendons
36
Sesamoid Bone Examples
- Kneecap
37
Boney Landmark Types
- Attachments
- Depressions/openings
- Joints
38
Attachement Landmarks
- Projections at site of muscle/ligament attachment
39
Attachment Landmark Types
- Tuberosity
- Crest
- Trochanter
- Line (Ridge)
- Tubercle
- Epicondyle
- Spine
- Process
40
Tuberosity
- Large rounded elevation
41
Crest
- Ridge of Bone
42
Trochanter
- Large blunt elevation
43
Line (Ridge)
- Linear Elevation
44
Tubercle
- Small raised eminence
45
Epicondyle
- Eminence superior
- Adjacent to condyle
46
Spine
- Thorn like process
47
Process
- Projection/outgrowth of tissue
48
Joint Landmarks
- Surfaces that form joints
49
Joint Landmark Types
- Head
- Facet
- Condyle
50
Head
- Large, round articular end
51
Facet
- Smooth flat area
- Cover cartilage (bone joining)
52
Condyle
- Rounded
- Knuckle-like articular area
53
Depression/Opening Landmark Types
- Foramen
- Groove
- Fissure
- Notch
- Fossa
- Meatus
- Sinus
54
Foramen
- Passage through bone/hole
55
Groove
- Elongated depression
56
Fissure
- Groove
- Natural division
57
Notch
- Indentation in bone edge
58
Fossa
- Hallow/depressed area
59
Meatus
- Natural body opening/canal
60
Sinus
- sac/cavity
61
Bone Development Timeline
- Start as cartilaginous mold
- Perichondrium & perichondrial sleeve
- Cartilage becomes mineralized
- Blood vessels form bone at ossification centers
- 6 weeks gestation - 20 years
62
Long Bone Structure
- Center, diaphysis
- Ends, epiphysis
- Middle region, epiphyseal plate
63
Epiphyseal Plate
- Bone generation
- Cartilaginous plate
- Fuses to stop bone growth
64
Epiphyseal Plate Damage
- Growth impairment
- Surgeries to lengthen bone
65
Bone Cell Types
- Periosteum mesenchymal stem cells
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Canaliculi
66
Periosteum Mesenchymal (Osteoprogenitor)
- Bone starting point
67
Osteoblasts
- Secrete extracellular mix
- Creates bone
68
Osteoclasts
- Degrade Bone
- Derived from white blood cell linage
69
Osteocytes
- Maintain Bone Structure
- Projections
70
Canaliculi
- Projections off osteocytes
- Communication between osteocytes (bone tissue)
71
Compact Bone
- Exterior of bone layer
- Covered in periosteum
- Densely packed
- Highly vascularized
- Osteogenic cells
- Repair after fracture
72
Haversian Canal
- Type of blood vessel
- Surrounded by osteoblasts
- Lay down extracellular mix in concentric rings
- Starts interiorly, moves exteriorly
73
Lamellae
- Differentiates osteoblasts & osteocytes
- Rings
74
Osteon
- Full circle
- Certain diameter restriction
- Supplied by 1 haversian canal
75
Periosteum
- Outer layer of bone
- Connect to compact bone
76
Periosteum Connection
- Osteoblasts layer creates new bone
- Stratum fibrosum anchored to compact bone
- Sharpy fibers
77
Trabecular (Spongy/Cancellous) Bone
- Interior of bone
- Medullary cavity
- Bone marrow
- Ends of bone/exterior
- Hose holes
78
Osteoclast/Osteoblast Improper Balance
- Create osteoporosis
- Osteoclasts taken too much out of bone
- Facile, easy fractures
