Unit 1 Bones Flashcards
Skeleton Functions
- Support & framework
- Leverage for movement
- Protection of vital organs
- Storage of minerals
- Blood cell production
Axial Skeleton Components
- Skull
- Mandible (jaw)
- Sternum
- Ribs
- Vertebrae
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
Appendicular Skeleton
- Everything not included in axial
Upper Limb Components
- Scapula
- Clavicle
- Humerus
- Radius
- Ulna
- Carpal bones
- Metacarpals
- Phalanges
Carpal Types
- Scaphoid
- Lunate
- Triquetrum
- Pisiform
- Trapezium
- Trapezoid
- Capitate
- Hamate
Lower Limb Components
- Pelvic bones
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsal bones
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
Tarasal Types
- Calcaneus
- Talus
- Navicular
- Cuboid
- Cuneiforms (3)
Surface Anatomy Importance
- Clinical landmarking
Von Hochstetter Triangle
- Gluteal region
- Injection without hitting nerves
- Identify iliac crest & anterior superior iliac spine
Bone Fracture Types
- Comminuted
- Compression
- Epiphyseal
- Depressed
- Spiral
- Green stick
Comminuted Fractures
- Bone fragments 3+ pieces
- Aged people (brittle bones)
Compression Fractures
- Crushed bone
- Extreme trauma
- Porous bones (osteoporotic)
Depressed Fractures
- Bone is pressed inwards
Spiral Fractures
- Spiral line around bone
- Twisting cause
- Ragged break
- Sports/toddlers
Green Stick Fractures
- Incomplete break
- 1 side broken, 1 side bent
Compact Fracture
- Injure bone
- Pierce skin
Simple Fracture
- Injure bone only
Birth-Adolescents Bone Development
- production
- absorption
Menopause Bone Development
- bone loss
- low estrogen levels
Old People Bone Development
- brittle bones
Bone Density Factors
- Strain experienced
- Aging
- Exercise
Bone Density & Aging
- Loss of bone mass
- Demineralization (Ca decrease)
- Less protein synthesis
- Less collagen
- More fractures
Bone Density & Exercise
- Alter strength in bone tissue
- Response to strain experiences
- High impact, intermittent strains
- Remodel bone normally (mechanical stress)
Weakened Bones Occurrence
- Bedridden individuals
- Casts
- Astronauts
Strengthen Bones Occurrence
- Athletes
Bone Shapes
- Long
- Short
- Flat
- Irregular
- Sesamoid
Long Bones
- Tubular shape
- Strength
- Structure
- Mobility
Long Bone Examples
- Humerus
- Femur
- Tibia
- Ulna
Short Bones
- Cuboidal shape
- Support
- Stability
- Limited movement
Short Bone Examples
- Carpals
- Tarsals
Flat Bones
- Protection
- Broad surfaces of muscle attachment
Flat Bone Examples
- Skull
- Pelvis
- Sternum
Irregular Bones
- Oddly shaped
- Nerve protection
- Skeletal muscle attachment
Irregular Bone Examples
- Facial bones
- Scapula (shoulder blade)
- Hyoid
- Vertebra
Sesamoid Bones
- Develop in tendons
- Cross long bones
- Protection of tendons
Sesamoid Bone Examples
- Kneecap
Boney Landmark Types
- Attachments
- Depressions/openings
- Joints
Attachement Landmarks
- Projections at site of muscle/ligament attachment
Attachment Landmark Types
- Tuberosity
- Crest
- Trochanter
- Line (Ridge)
- Tubercle
- Epicondyle
- Spine
- Process
Tuberosity
- Large rounded elevation
Crest
- Ridge of Bone
Trochanter
- Large blunt elevation
Line (Ridge)
- Linear Elevation
Tubercle
- Small raised eminence
Epicondyle
- Eminence superior
- Adjacent to condyle
Spine
- Thorn like process
Process
- Projection/outgrowth of tissue
Joint Landmarks
- Surfaces that form joints
Joint Landmark Types
- Head
- Facet
- Condyle
Head
- Large, round articular end
Facet
- Smooth flat area
- Cover cartilage (bone joining)
Condyle
- Rounded
- Knuckle-like articular area
Depression/Opening Landmark Types
- Foramen
- Groove
- Fissure
- Notch
- Fossa
- Meatus
- Sinus
Foramen
- Passage through bone/hole
Groove
- Elongated depression
Fissure
- Groove
- Natural division
Notch
- Indentation in bone edge
Fossa
- Hallow/depressed area
Meatus
- Natural body opening/canal
Sinus
- sac/cavity
Bone Development Timeline
- Start as cartilaginous mold
- Perichondrium & perichondrial sleeve
- Cartilage becomes mineralized
- Blood vessels form bone at ossification centers
- 6 weeks gestation - 20 years
Long Bone Structure
- Center, diaphysis
- Ends, epiphysis
- Middle region, epiphyseal plate
Epiphyseal Plate
- Bone generation
- Cartilaginous plate
- Fuses to stop bone growth
Epiphyseal Plate Damage
- Growth impairment
- Surgeries to lengthen bone
Bone Cell Types
- Periosteum mesenchymal stem cells
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Canaliculi
Periosteum Mesenchymal (Osteoprogenitor)
- Bone starting point
Osteoblasts
- Secrete extracellular mix
- Creates bone
Osteoclasts
- Degrade Bone
- Derived from white blood cell linage
Osteocytes
- Maintain Bone Structure
- Projections
Canaliculi
- Projections off osteocytes
- Communication between osteocytes (bone tissue)
Compact Bone
- Exterior of bone layer
- Covered in periosteum
- Densely packed
- Highly vascularized
- Osteogenic cells
- Repair after fracture
Haversian Canal
- Type of blood vessel
- Surrounded by osteoblasts
- Lay down extracellular mix in concentric rings
- Starts interiorly, moves exteriorly
Lamellae
- Differentiates osteoblasts & osteocytes
- Rings
Osteon
- Full circle
- Certain diameter restriction
- Supplied by 1 haversian canal
Periosteum
- Outer layer of bone
- Connect to compact bone
Periosteum Connection
- Osteoblasts layer creates new bone
- Stratum fibrosum anchored to compact bone
- Sharpy fibers
Trabecular (Spongy/Cancellous) Bone
- Interior of bone
- Medullary cavity
- Bone marrow
- Ends of bone/exterior
- Hose holes
Osteoclast/Osteoblast Improper Balance
- Create osteoporosis
- Osteoclasts taken too much out of bone
- Facile, easy fractures
