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Radiology > Unit 4, 5, 6 > Flashcards

Unit 4, 5, 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the first founder of the x-rays? And when did he do it?

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

November 8, 1895

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2
Q

First radiographic patient and of what?

A

Anna bertha roentgen (wife)

Hand

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3
Q

How were x-rays discovered?

A

Working with the crooks tube

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4
Q

Dr Edwin Frost did what?

A

Credited with making the first diagnostic radiograph

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5
Q

Early protection efforts?

A

Metal helmets
Heavy aprons
Lead screens

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6
Q

Henri Bequerel did what?

A

Discoverer of radioactivity

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7
Q

Pierre and Marie Curie did what?

A

Founded ways to measure the intensity of radiation and finding other elements that emitted radiation

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8
Q

Define Intensifying screen

A

Device that coverts the energy of the x ray beam into visible light

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9
Q

Intensifying screens, have four layers. What are they?

A

Base, reflective, phosphor, protective coating

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10
Q

Base layer, location and function? (Intensifying screen)

A

Farthest from the film

Support the phosphor layer

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11
Q

Reflective layer, location and function? (Intensifying screen)

A

Between phosphor and base

Redirects the light to the film

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12
Q

Phosphor Layer, location and function? (intensifying screen)

A

Below protective layer

Converts the energy of x-ray beam to visible light (Heart of the screen)

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13
Q

Protective Coating, location and function? (Intensifying screen)

A

Closest to the film

Helps eliminate static electricity

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14
Q

What is Luminescence

A

Any material that emits light in response to some outside stimulation

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15
Q

2 types of Luminescence?

A

Florescence = Good
visible light emitted only while the phosphor is stimulated
Phosphorescence = Bad
light emitted after the stimulation has stopped
in a screen is called “screen lag” or “afterglow”

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16
Q

Screen speed Defined? (Range)

A 
Screen speeds range from 100 (slow Detail)
to 1200 (very fast, less detail)
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17
Q

Factors affecting screen resolution?

A

Fast screen speed = Low resolution/detail
Large phosphor crystal size = Low resolution
Thick phosphor = Low resolution
High kVp = lower resolution

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18
Q

Faster image receptors/screens = ?
Fast screens = ?
Slow image receptors/ screens = ?

A

Low resolution
decreased detail
high resolution

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19
Q

What is image noise?

A

deterioration of the radiographic image

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20
Q

What is quantum mottle?

A

describes the mottled or noisy appearance or the film due to the number or photons exposing it. (salt/pepper)

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21
Q

What is spatial resolution?

A

ability to produce an accurate and clean image

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22
Q

What is resolution?

A

a measure of the ability of a system to image two separate objects and visually distinguish one from another

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23
Q

What is a cassette?

A

holder that contains the film and intensifying screens

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24
Q

How do you care for screens?

A

Avoid handling
do not dig film out of the cassette
do not leave cassette open

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25
Q

Describe screen maintenance.

A

Cleaned once a month

screen must be completely dry before reloading the cassette

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26
Q

Screen- film contact? bad contact?

A

Checked by wire mesh test
develop film
any areas darkened or blurred = bad contact
should be done annually

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27
Q

Only way to render screen useless?

A

improper handling and maintenance

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28
Q

Screen affects on density?

A
  • *as screen speed increases density increases

* *faster screens produce more light per interaction

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29
Q

Screen affects on detail?

A

increasing screen speed, decreases detail

due to increased quantum mottle at high screen speeds

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30
Q

Screen affects on patient dose

A

as screen speed increases, patient dose decreases

-exposure techniques can be decreased with faster screens

31
Q

What is a latent image?

A

an image that cannot yet be seen, invisible

32
Q

What is remnant radiation?

A

x ray that remain after the useful beam exits the patient

33
Q

What is a manifest image?

A

the observable image formed when the latent image undergoes the proper chemical processing (final image)

34
Q

What are your film parts? (4)

A

Base
Adhesive layer
Emulsion
Supercoating

35
Q

Film parts, base? What does it do?

A

Provides the rigid structures onto which the emulsion is placed

36
Q

Film parts, adhesive layer? Where is it?

A

between film emulsion and base

37
Q

Film parts, emulsion? What is it?

A

**heart of the x-ray film

38
Q

Film parts, supercoating, What is it?

A

surrounds the sheet of film and protects it

39
Q

Silver halide crystals do what?

A

Bound by ionic bonds

fixed in the crystal lattice in ion form

40
Q

Silver halide is what?

A

active ingredient in emulsion

light sensitive

41
Q

Silver bromide is what?

A

material that makes up 98% of the sliver halide crystals in a typical emulsion

42
Q

Define sensitivity speck

A

physical imperfections in the lattice of the emulsion layer that occur during the film manufacturing procces
-at or near the surface

43
Q

Photo interactions with silver halide crystals do what?

A

forms a latent image (can’t see)

44
Q

What is film speed?

A

degree to which the emulsion is sensitive to x-rays or light

the faster the speed the more sensitive it is

45
Q

What is film contrast?

A

ability of radiographic film to provide a certain level of image contrast

46
Q

High contrast in film do what?

A

shows blacks and whites better

47
Q

Low contrast in film do what?

A

shows shades of gray better

48
Q

What is film latitude?

A

range of techniques

49
Q

When handling film, what do you do?

A

don’t bend, crease or fold
must have clean hands
avoid lotion and creams

50
Q

What are artifacts?

A

any irregular density on a radiograph that is not caused by the proper shadowing of an object by the primary beam

51
Q

How do you properly store film?

A

in a dry cool place (fridge)
heat and humidity can cause increase in fog
and reduce contrast

52
Q

Automatic film processing, what’s the purpose?

A

intensifies latent image and makes it visible (manifest image)

53
Q

What is the sequence of automatic processor?

A

development
fixing
washing
drying

54
Q

What does the developer do in automatic processing?

A

converts latent image (invisible) into manifest image (visible)

55
Q

What 3 factors affect development in automatic processing?

A

developer temperature 95 F
time
concentration

56
Q

What does the fixer do in automatic development?

A

removes undeveloped sliver halide crystals from the film and fixes (or sets) the film
contributes to archival quality

57
Q

What does the wash do in automatic development?

A

Removes residual chemicals left in emulsion

58
Q

What does the dryer do in automatic development?

A

blows warm air over both sides of the film to completely dry the film

59
Q

Processor maintenance, times?

A 
Daily = crack lid open
weekly = cleans crossover and roller assemblies
monthly = completely cleans and chemicals changed
60
Q

Processing affect on density?

A

increase time/ or temperature = increase density

61
Q

Processing affect on contrast?

A

increase time/ or temperature = decrease in contrast

62
Q

What is the PSP plate?

A

Photostimulable phosphor plate

63
Q

PSP plate layers?

A 
Protective layer
phosphor layer
reflective layer
conductive layer
support layer
backing layer
64
Q

PSP plate, protective layer?

A

protects phosphor layer

65
Q

PSP plate, phosphor layer?

A

the active layer, trap electrons during exposure

66
Q

PSP plate, reflective layer?

A

reflects light emitted towards the front (photodetector)

67
Q

PSP plate, conductive layer?

A

reduces static electricity

68
Q

PSP plate, support layer?

A

provides the ridged edges

69
Q

PSP plate, backing layer?

A

soft layer that protects back of cassette

70
Q

What is turbid?

A

random distribution of phosphor crystals within the active layer

71
Q

What does CCD stand for?

A

Charge-Coupled Device

72
Q

What does TFT stand for?

A

Thin-film Transmitter

73
Q

What does PACS stand for?

A

Picture Archiving & Communications System

74
Q

What does DICOM stand for?

A

Digital Imaging & Communications in Medicine

Radiology (20 decks)

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