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Radiology > Unit 4, 5, 6 > Flashcards

Unit 4, 5, 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the first founder of the x-rays? And when did he do it?

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

November 8, 1895

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2
Q

First radiographic patient and of what?

A

Anna bertha roentgen (wife)

Hand

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3
Q

How were x-rays discovered?

A

Working with the crooks tube

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4
Q

Dr Edwin Frost did what?

A

Credited with making the first diagnostic radiograph

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5
Q

Early protection efforts?

A

Metal helmets
Heavy aprons
Lead screens

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6
Q

Henri Bequerel did what?

A

Discoverer of radioactivity

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7
Q

Pierre and Marie Curie did what?

A

Founded ways to measure the intensity of radiation and finding other elements that emitted radiation

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8
Q

Define Intensifying screen

A

Device that coverts the energy of the x ray beam into visible light

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9
Q

Intensifying screens, have four layers. What are they?

A

Base, reflective, phosphor, protective coating

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10
Q

Base layer, location and function? (Intensifying screen)

A

Farthest from the film

Support the phosphor layer

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11
Q

Reflective layer, location and function? (Intensifying screen)

A

Between phosphor and base

Redirects the light to the film

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12
Q

Phosphor Layer, location and function? (intensifying screen)

A

Below protective layer

Converts the energy of x-ray beam to visible light (Heart of the screen)

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13
Q

Protective Coating, location and function? (Intensifying screen)

A

Closest to the film

Helps eliminate static electricity

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14
Q

What is Luminescence

A

Any material that emits light in response to some outside stimulation

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15
Q

2 types of Luminescence?

A

Florescence = Good
visible light emitted only while the phosphor is stimulated
Phosphorescence = Bad
light emitted after the stimulation has stopped
in a screen is called “screen lag” or “afterglow”

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16
Q

Screen speed Defined? (Range)

A 
Screen speeds range from 100 (slow Detail)
to 1200 (very fast, less detail)
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17
Q

Factors affecting screen resolution?

A

Fast screen speed = Low resolution/detail
Large phosphor crystal size = Low resolution
Thick phosphor = Low resolution
High kVp = lower resolution

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18
Q

Faster image receptors/screens = ?
Fast screens = ?
Slow image receptors/ screens = ?

A

Low resolution
decreased detail
high resolution

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19
Q

What is image noise?

A

deterioration of the radiographic image

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20
Q

What is quantum mottle?

A

describes the mottled or noisy appearance or the film due to the number or photons exposing it. (salt/pepper)

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21
Q

What is spatial resolution?

A

ability to produce an accurate and clean image

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22
Q

What is resolution?

A

a measure of the ability of a system to image two separate objects and visually distinguish one from another

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23
Q

What is a cassette?

A

holder that contains the film and intensifying screens

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24
Q

How do you care for screens?

A

Avoid handling
do not dig film out of the cassette
do not leave cassette open

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25
Describe screen maintenance.
Cleaned once a month | screen must be completely dry before reloading the cassette
26
Screen- film contact? bad contact?
Checked by wire mesh test develop film any areas darkened or blurred = bad contact should be done annually
27
Only way to render screen useless?
improper handling and maintenance
28
Screen affects on density?
* *as screen speed increases density increases | * *faster screens produce more light per interaction
29
Screen affects on detail?
increasing screen speed, decreases detail | due to increased quantum mottle at high screen speeds
30
Screen affects on patient dose
as screen speed increases, patient dose decreases | -exposure techniques can be decreased with faster screens
31
What is a latent image?
an image that cannot yet be seen, invisible
32
What is remnant radiation?
x ray that remain after the useful beam exits the patient
33
What is a manifest image?
the observable image formed when the latent image undergoes the proper chemical processing (final image)
34
What are your film parts? (4)
Base Adhesive layer Emulsion Supercoating
35
Film parts, base? What does it do?
Provides the rigid structures onto which the emulsion is placed
36
Film parts, adhesive layer? Where is it?
between film emulsion and base
37
Film parts, emulsion? What is it?
**heart of the x-ray film
38
Film parts, supercoating, What is it?
surrounds the sheet of film and protects it
39
Silver halide crystals do what?
Bound by ionic bonds | fixed in the crystal lattice in ion form
40
Silver halide is what?
active ingredient in emulsion | light sensitive
41
Silver bromide is what?
material that makes up 98% of the sliver halide crystals in a typical emulsion
42
Define sensitivity speck
physical imperfections in the lattice of the emulsion layer that occur during the film manufacturing procces -at or near the surface
43
Photo interactions with silver halide crystals do what?
forms a latent image (can't see)
44
What is film speed?
degree to which the emulsion is sensitive to x-rays or light | the faster the speed the more sensitive it is
45
What is film contrast?
ability of radiographic film to provide a certain level of image contrast
46
High contrast in film do what?
shows blacks and whites better
47
Low contrast in film do what?
shows shades of gray better
48
What is film latitude?
range of techniques
49
When handling film, what do you do?
don't bend, crease or fold must have clean hands avoid lotion and creams
50
What are artifacts?
any irregular density on a radiograph that is not caused by the proper shadowing of an object by the primary beam
51
How do you properly store film?
in a dry cool place (fridge) heat and humidity can cause increase in fog and reduce contrast
52
Automatic film processing, what's the purpose?
intensifies latent image and makes it visible (manifest image)
53
What is the sequence of automatic processor?
development fixing washing drying
54
What does the developer do in automatic processing?
converts latent image (invisible) into manifest image (visible)
55
What 3 factors affect development in automatic processing?
developer temperature 95 F time concentration
56
What does the fixer do in automatic development?
removes undeveloped sliver halide crystals from the film and fixes (or sets) the film contributes to archival quality
57
What does the wash do in automatic development?
Removes residual chemicals left in emulsion
58
What does the dryer do in automatic development?
blows warm air over both sides of the film to completely dry the film
59
Processor maintenance, times?
``` Daily = crack lid open weekly = cleans crossover and roller assemblies monthly = completely cleans and chemicals changed ```
60
Processing affect on density?
increase time/ or temperature = increase density
61
Processing affect on contrast?
increase time/ or temperature = decrease in contrast
62
What is the PSP plate?
Photostimulable phosphor plate
63
PSP plate layers?
``` Protective layer phosphor layer reflective layer conductive layer support layer backing layer ```
64
PSP plate, protective layer?
protects phosphor layer
65
PSP plate, phosphor layer?
the active layer, trap electrons during exposure
66
PSP plate, reflective layer?
reflects light emitted towards the front (photodetector)
67
PSP plate, conductive layer?
reduces static electricity
68
PSP plate, support layer?
provides the ridged edges
69
PSP plate, backing layer?
soft layer that protects back of cassette
70
What is turbid?
random distribution of phosphor crystals within the active layer
71
What does CCD stand for?
Charge-Coupled Device
72
What does TFT stand for?
Thin-film Transmitter
73
What does PACS stand for?
Picture Archiving & Communications System
74
What does DICOM stand for?
Digital Imaging & Communications in Medicine

Radiology (20 decks)

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