Unit 3 - Lecture 5 Flashcards
1
ionizing radiation, carcinogens, mutagens
2
normal cell (p53 is normal)
3
DNA damage
4
hypoxia
5
p53 activated and binds to DNA
6
transcription dependent and independent effects on targets
7
p21 (CDK inhibitor)
8
G1 arrest
9
GADD45 (DNA repair)
10
successful repair
11
normal cells
12
BAX (apoptosis gene)
13
repair fails
14
apoptosis
15
cell with mutations or loss of p53
16
DNA damage
17
p53-dependent genes not activated
18
no cell cycle arrest
19
no DNA repair, no senescence
20
mutant cells
21
expansion and additional mutations
22
malignant tumor
What are the causes of neoplasia?
carcinogens and germ line mutations
What are mutagens?
something that causes DNA damage
Most carcinogens are _______, many ______ are carcinogens.
mutagens; mutagens
What type of mutations are hereditary?
germ line mutations
What are the major tenants of chemical carcinogens?
dose dependent, latency, progeny cells acquire traits, co-carcinogens, proliferation
How does radiation lead to carcinogenesis?
it induces mutations
What is a complete carcinogen?
something that can initiate and promote tumorigenesis
What is an example of a complete carcinogen?
radiation
What neoplasia does feline leukemia virus lead to?
leukemias and lymphomas
What neoplasia does bovine leukosis virus lead to?
leukemias and lymphomas
What neoplasia does primate leukemia and sarcoma viruses lead to?
fibrosarcomas and leukemias
What neoplasia does feline immunodeficiency viruses lead to?
lymphomas
What are some examples of DNA viral carcinogens?
papillomaviruses, herpesviruses, and hepadnaviruses
What is an example of a RNA viral carcinogen?
oncogenic retroviruses
Where are lesions usually located that are caused by papilloma virus?
lesions of the skin, GI, genital, and respiratory tracts
How might viruses cause tumors?
most add genetic material to the genome, they have transforming sequences, or cause mutations
What sequences that retroviruses have?
V-onc which resembles protooncogene
How do viruses cause mutation?
overproduction of p-oncogene or altered formation of p-oncogene protein
What is a proto-oncogene?
normal cellular genes that regulate cell growth and differentiation
What do cellular oncogenes effect?
somatic cell with driver gene mutation, inherited modifier genes effecting carcinogen metabolism, DNA repair, and immune responses, and uncontrolled cell proliferation
What are grey horses at genetic risk for?
melanoma
True or false: neoplasias always increase the functionality of what they grow on.
False: not all functionality is increased
What does bracken fern lead to in cattle that have interacted with papillomavirus?
bovine enzootic hematuria and bladder tumors
What specific neoplasm is associated with white faced horses, cattle, and cats?
squamous cell carcinomas
Can you use canine lymphoma as a model for human lymphoma?
no they are very genetically different
Who determines tumor grade?
the pathologist
Who determines tumor stage?
clinician and radiologist
What is tumor stage?
the extent of tumor growth and spread
