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Pathology > Chronic cell injury > Flashcards

Chronic cell injury Flashcards

1
Q

What are the responses to cell stress?

A

hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, atrophy

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2
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

increase in cell size or organ

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3
Q

How is hypertrophy different than cell swelling?

A

in hypertrophy the amount of organelles within the cells which causes the cell size to increase, in cell swelling the cell increases because water seeps into any organelle that it can which causes the volume of organelles to increase not the number

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4
Q

When does physiologic hypertrophy occur?

A

in response to work/increased demand

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5
Q

When does compensatory hypertrophy occur?

A

increase in cell size or organ to make up for a decrease or abnormal size in another

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6
Q

What is an example of hypertrophy?

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - enlarged heart

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7
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

an increase in cell number (replication)

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8
Q

What are the physiologic causes of hyperplasia?

A

hormones, compensatory, repair, and regenative

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9
Q

What are the pathologic causes of hyperplasia?

A

hormones, irritation, unkown/idiopathic

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10
Q

What are the forms of hyperplasia?

A

nodular or cystic

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11
Q

Commonly where does hyperplasia occur?

A

liver, spleen, pancreas, lymph node

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12
Q

Which cells undergo hyperplasia?

A

cells that undergo mitosis more rapidly

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13
Q

What type of cells does hyperplasia not affect?

A

permanent cells because they do not undergo mitosis

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14
Q

What is a liable cell?

A

a cell with a short life span

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15
Q

What is a stable cell?

A

a cell with a long life span but still undergoes mitosis

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16
Q

How is hyperplasia different from neoplasia?

A

because it generally subsides when the stimulus is removed whereas neoplasia does not

17
Q

What type of hyperplasia is normal and what type is abnormal?

A

physiologic is normal, compensatory is abnormal

18
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

a change from one differentiated cell type to another of the same germ layer

19
Q

What are the types of metaplasia?

A

adaptive response and mesenchymal

20
Q

What could cause adaptive metaplasia to occur?

A

irritation due to smoke, or induced by estrogen or vitamin A deficiency

21
Q

What is mesenchymal metaplasia caused by?

A

an altered cellular environment, or a decrease or increase in oxygen

22
Q

What is the most common metaplasia?

A

osseus metaplasia

23
Q

Is metaplasia protective or harmful?

A

it can be both

24
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

abnormal differentiation with features of cellular atypia

25
Q

What is atrophy?

A

the decrease in the mass of a tissue or organ due to decreased size and/or number of cells

26
Q

What types of atrophy are there?

A

simple, pressure, or serous

27
Q

What are the types of atrophy by mechanism?

A

disuse, denervation, pressure, reduced work load, decreased hormones, any reduction in nitrogen/oxygen, aging/selinity

28
Q

What are the fates of atrophy?

A

reversible, persists as is, and progress

29
Q

What is the gross morphology of atrophy?

A

decreased weight and volume

30
Q

What is the microscopic morphology of atrophy?

A

decreased number of cells and or size of cells

31
Q

What is the electron microscope morphology of atrophy?

A

decreased organelles, less ER, fewer mitochondria, less intracellular filaments, increase in autophagocytes vacuoles, lipofuscin

32
Q

What is the difference between atrophy and involution?

A

involution is reduction in cell number without degeneration whereas during atrophy, cell degeneration occurs

33
Q

Where does involution occur?

A

the thymus and uterus

34
Q

What is the gross appearance of serous atrophy of fat?

A

watery, red/clear, and gelatinous

35
Q

What can cause serous atrophy of fat?

A

severe caloric deficiency; uses the last fat stores

36
Q

Where are the last fat stores used?

A

perirenal, epicardial, and bone marrow

Pathology (22 decks)

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