Chronic cell injury Flashcards
What are the responses to cell stress?
hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia, atrophy
What is hypertrophy?
increase in cell size or organ
How is hypertrophy different than cell swelling?
in hypertrophy the amount of organelles within the cells which causes the cell size to increase, in cell swelling the cell increases because water seeps into any organelle that it can which causes the volume of organelles to increase not the number
When does physiologic hypertrophy occur?
in response to work/increased demand
When does compensatory hypertrophy occur?
increase in cell size or organ to make up for a decrease or abnormal size in another
What is an example of hypertrophy?
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - enlarged heart
What is hyperplasia?
an increase in cell number (replication)
What are the physiologic causes of hyperplasia?
hormones, compensatory, repair, and regenative
What are the pathologic causes of hyperplasia?
hormones, irritation, unkown/idiopathic
What are the forms of hyperplasia?
nodular or cystic
Commonly where does hyperplasia occur?
liver, spleen, pancreas, lymph node
Which cells undergo hyperplasia?
cells that undergo mitosis more rapidly
What type of cells does hyperplasia not affect?
permanent cells because they do not undergo mitosis
What is a liable cell?
a cell with a short life span
What is a stable cell?
a cell with a long life span but still undergoes mitosis
How is hyperplasia different from neoplasia?
because it generally subsides when the stimulus is removed whereas neoplasia does not
What type of hyperplasia is normal and what type is abnormal?
physiologic is normal, compensatory is abnormal
What is metaplasia?
a change from one differentiated cell type to another of the same germ layer
What are the types of metaplasia?
adaptive response and mesenchymal
What could cause adaptive metaplasia to occur?
irritation due to smoke, or induced by estrogen or vitamin A deficiency
What is mesenchymal metaplasia caused by?
an altered cellular environment, or a decrease or increase in oxygen
What is the most common metaplasia?
osseus metaplasia
Is metaplasia protective or harmful?
it can be both
What is dysplasia?
abnormal differentiation with features of cellular atypia
What is atrophy?
the decrease in the mass of a tissue or organ due to decreased size and/or number of cells
What types of atrophy are there?
simple, pressure, or serous
What are the types of atrophy by mechanism?
disuse, denervation, pressure, reduced work load, decreased hormones, any reduction in nitrogen/oxygen, aging/selinity
What are the fates of atrophy?
reversible, persists as is, and progress
What is the gross morphology of atrophy?
decreased weight and volume
What is the microscopic morphology of atrophy?
decreased number of cells and or size of cells
What is the electron microscope morphology of atrophy?
decreased organelles, less ER, fewer mitochondria, less intracellular filaments, increase in autophagocytes vacuoles, lipofuscin
What is the difference between atrophy and involution?
involution is reduction in cell number without degeneration whereas during atrophy, cell degeneration occurs
Where does involution occur?
the thymus and uterus
What is the gross appearance of serous atrophy of fat?
watery, red/clear, and gelatinous
What can cause serous atrophy of fat?
severe caloric deficiency; uses the last fat stores
Where are the last fat stores used?
perirenal, epicardial, and bone marrow
