Intracellular accumulations Flashcards
What can an abnormal metabolism lead to?
a build up of substances like lipid or glycogen
What can a protein mutation lead to in a cell?
an accumulation of abnormal proteins within the cell
What can a cell that lacks the enzyme to turn a complex substrate into soluble products do to a cell?
it leads to lysosomal storage disease - an accumulation of endogenous materials
What are examples of lysosomal storage diseases?
Ceroid-lipofuscinosis, Krabbe disease, pompe disease, Niemann-Pick
What happens when a normal cell ingests indigestible materials?
it leads to an accumulation of exogenous materials
What is fatty degeneration known as?
lipidosis/steatosis
What is lipidosis?
the accumulation of triglycerides in the cytoplasm
Where does fatty degeneration usually occur?
in the liver, kidney, and skeletal/cardiac muscle
Why does fatty degeneration usually occur in the liver?
because the liver is the center for lipid metabolism
What are the routes of fatty degeneration to the liver?
excessive delivery of fatty acids to the liver, blockage of fatty acid oxidation, interference with the export of triglycerides
What is blockage of fatty acid oxidation caused by?
mitochondrial damage
What is an increase in mobilization of fat stores to the liver caused by?
caloric deficiency/starvation, diabetes mellitus, pregnancy toxemia, or increased fatty acids from the gut
What specifically can cause interference with the export of triglycerides?
decreased protein synthesis or aflatoxin, Impaired formation of lipoproteins, Impaired release of lipoproteins, Impaired synthesis of apoprotein
What is the color of fat degeneration grossly in the liver?
yellow, tan
What is the location of fat degeneration in the liver?
diffuse
What is the appearance on surface and cut surface of a liver in fat degeneration?
rounded edges and granular in appearance
What is the size of the liver in fat degeneration?
it is enlarged, hepatomegaly
What is the consistency/texture of a liver in fat degeneration?
greasy and friable
If you put a piece of liver in formulin that has fatty lipodosis, what does it do?
float
Microscopically, what does a cell look like that has fatty degeneration?
cells are swollen and vacuolated, there are large, clear, and crisp margins
What causes glycogen degeneration?
hyperglycemia
What is hyperglycemia?
increased blood glucose
How do you confirm whether it is lipid or glycogen accumulating in the cell?
PAS
What color is a cell if glycogen is present after PAS is applied?
dark purple; positive result
What color is a cell if lipid is present after PAS is applied?
it remains light purple; negative result
What is the appearance of pathologic calcification?
white lesions that are gritty or chalky
What are the types of pathologic calcification?
dystrophic or metastatic
What is dystrophic calcification?
the deposition of calcium in tissues that are injured or necrotic and the serous level of calcium is normal
What type of necrosis does dystrophic calcification occur with?
caseation and coagulation
Where can dystrophic calcification occur?
on pressure points, elbows, or suture lines
On cut surfaces, what will you see with dystrophic calcification?
lakes of chalky calcified material
What is the pathologic appearance of dystrophic calcification?
white lesions that are gritty or chalky
What is the pathogenesis of dystrophic calcification?
dying/dead cells leads to denaturation of proteins, calcium binds, and there is mineral deposition
What is metastatic calcification?
the deposition of calcium in normal tissues due to secondary hypercalcemia
What is hypercalcemia caused by?
altered calcium/phosphorus regulation
What stain aids in identifying deposited calcium?
Von Kossa
What does exogenous mean?
from the outside world
Name some exogenous pigments (4).
pneumonoconiosis, anthracosis, silica, and asbestos
What is pneumonoconiosis?
dust pneumonia - causes a lot of pigment
What is anthracosis caused by?
carbon, seen with coal miners or people who work with a lot of smoke
What does anthracosis look like?
black lung
How does an individual get silica pigment?
from sand blasting
What is asbestos and what does it cause?
crystal that causes injury to the cell which leads to fibrosis which in turn leads to neoplasia or mesothelioma
What does endogenous mean?
from the inside world
What are endogenous pigments from?
hemoglobin breakdown, iron breakdown, liposfuscin, melanin, hematin
Where does heme breakdown occur?
in macrophages
Where does conjugated hemoglobin breakdown occur?
in the liver
What color does bilirubin and hematoidin create?
yellow
What is bilirubin and hematoidin a product of?
heme breakdown
What is bilirubin and hematoidin produced in?
macrophages
What are the potential causes of heme break down?
large amounts of hemoglobin release, hepatic dysfunction, blocked bile duct
What color does stercobilin create?
a brown color
What color does biliverdin create?
green
What is hemosiderin?
a pigment caused by the breakdown of iron
What color is hemosiderin?
brown
If there is a lot of hemosiderin present, what does that indicate?
there has been a hemorrhage there for a while
What is liposfuscin?
the wear and tear pigment
What are common intracellular accumulations?
melanin and calcium
Commonly, where is localized melanin pigmentation found?
the aorta, lungs, and oral mucosa
What is hematin?
a pigmentation formed by the oxidation of hemoglobin
When does acid hematin occur?
in fixed specimens if the formalin is too acidic
When does parasitic hematin occur?
when parasites liberate heme during proteolysis of hemoglobin
What are extracellular accumulation examples?
amyloid, gout, and cholesterol
What is gout caused by?
urate crystals around joints
In what animals is gout found in?
in animals with renal failure, often in birds and reptiles
What causes cholesterol accumulation?
the breakdown of a cell membrane
What does cholesterol cause pathologically?
acicular (needle shaped) clefts; clear spaces in between cells
Where is cholesterol found?
in every cell membrane
