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Pathology > Intracellular accumulations > Flashcards

Intracellular accumulations Flashcards

1
Q

What can an abnormal metabolism lead to?

A

a build up of substances like lipid or glycogen

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2
Q

What can a protein mutation lead to in a cell?

A

an accumulation of abnormal proteins within the cell

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3
Q

What can a cell that lacks the enzyme to turn a complex substrate into soluble products do to a cell?

A

it leads to lysosomal storage disease - an accumulation of endogenous materials

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4
Q

What are examples of lysosomal storage diseases?

A

Ceroid-lipofuscinosis, Krabbe disease, pompe disease, Niemann-Pick

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5
Q

What happens when a normal cell ingests indigestible materials?

A

it leads to an accumulation of exogenous materials

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6
Q

What is fatty degeneration known as?

A

lipidosis/steatosis

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7
Q

What is lipidosis?

A

the accumulation of triglycerides in the cytoplasm

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8
Q

Where does fatty degeneration usually occur?

A

in the liver, kidney, and skeletal/cardiac muscle

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9
Q

Why does fatty degeneration usually occur in the liver?

A

because the liver is the center for lipid metabolism

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10
Q

What are the routes of fatty degeneration to the liver?

A

excessive delivery of fatty acids to the liver, blockage of fatty acid oxidation, interference with the export of triglycerides

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11
Q

What is blockage of fatty acid oxidation caused by?

A

mitochondrial damage

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12
Q

What is an increase in mobilization of fat stores to the liver caused by?

A

caloric deficiency/starvation, diabetes mellitus, pregnancy toxemia, or increased fatty acids from the gut

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13
Q

What specifically can cause interference with the export of triglycerides?

A

decreased protein synthesis or aflatoxin, Impaired formation of lipoproteins, Impaired release of lipoproteins, Impaired synthesis of apoprotein

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14
Q

What is the color of fat degeneration grossly in the liver?

A

yellow, tan

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15
Q

What is the location of fat degeneration in the liver?

A

diffuse

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16
Q

What is the appearance on surface and cut surface of a liver in fat degeneration?

A

rounded edges and granular in appearance

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17
Q

What is the size of the liver in fat degeneration?

A

it is enlarged, hepatomegaly

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18
Q

What is the consistency/texture of a liver in fat degeneration?

A

greasy and friable

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19
Q

If you put a piece of liver in formulin that has fatty lipodosis, what does it do?

A

float

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20
Q

Microscopically, what does a cell look like that has fatty degeneration?

A

cells are swollen and vacuolated, there are large, clear, and crisp margins

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21
Q

What causes glycogen degeneration?

A

hyperglycemia

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22
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

increased blood glucose

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23
Q

How do you confirm whether it is lipid or glycogen accumulating in the cell?

A

PAS

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24
Q

What color is a cell if glycogen is present after PAS is applied?

A

dark purple; positive result

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25
Q

What color is a cell if lipid is present after PAS is applied?

A

it remains light purple; negative result

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26
Q

What is the appearance of pathologic calcification?

A

white lesions that are gritty or chalky

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27
Q

What are the types of pathologic calcification?

A

dystrophic or metastatic

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28
Q

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

the deposition of calcium in tissues that are injured or necrotic and the serous level of calcium is normal

29
Q

What type of necrosis does dystrophic calcification occur with?

A

caseation and coagulation

30
Q

Where can dystrophic calcification occur?

A

on pressure points, elbows, or suture lines

31
Q

On cut surfaces, what will you see with dystrophic calcification?

A

lakes of chalky calcified material

32
Q

What is the pathologic appearance of dystrophic calcification?

A

white lesions that are gritty or chalky

33
Q

What is the pathogenesis of dystrophic calcification?

A

dying/dead cells leads to denaturation of proteins, calcium binds, and there is mineral deposition

34
Q

What is metastatic calcification?

A

the deposition of calcium in normal tissues due to secondary hypercalcemia

35
Q

What is hypercalcemia caused by?

A

altered calcium/phosphorus regulation

36
Q

What stain aids in identifying deposited calcium?

A

Von Kossa

37
Q

What does exogenous mean?

A

from the outside world

38
Q

Name some exogenous pigments (4).

A

pneumonoconiosis, anthracosis, silica, and asbestos

39
Q

What is pneumonoconiosis?

A

dust pneumonia - causes a lot of pigment

40
Q

What is anthracosis caused by?

A

carbon, seen with coal miners or people who work with a lot of smoke

41
Q

What does anthracosis look like?

A

black lung

42
Q

How does an individual get silica pigment?

A

from sand blasting

43
Q

What is asbestos and what does it cause?

A

crystal that causes injury to the cell which leads to fibrosis which in turn leads to neoplasia or mesothelioma

44
Q

What does endogenous mean?

A

from the inside world

45
Q

What are endogenous pigments from?

A

hemoglobin breakdown, iron breakdown, liposfuscin, melanin, hematin

46
Q

Where does heme breakdown occur?

A

in macrophages

47
Q

Where does conjugated hemoglobin breakdown occur?

A

in the liver

48
Q

What color does bilirubin and hematoidin create?

A

yellow

49
Q

What is bilirubin and hematoidin a product of?

A

heme breakdown

50
Q

What is bilirubin and hematoidin produced in?

A

macrophages

51
Q

What are the potential causes of heme break down?

A

large amounts of hemoglobin release, hepatic dysfunction, blocked bile duct

52
Q

What color does stercobilin create?

A

a brown color

53
Q

What color does biliverdin create?

A

green

54
Q

What is hemosiderin?

A

a pigment caused by the breakdown of iron

55
Q

What color is hemosiderin?

A

brown

56
Q

If there is a lot of hemosiderin present, what does that indicate?

A

there has been a hemorrhage there for a while

57
Q

What is liposfuscin?

A

the wear and tear pigment

58
Q

What are common intracellular accumulations?

A

melanin and calcium

59
Q

Commonly, where is localized melanin pigmentation found?

A

the aorta, lungs, and oral mucosa

60
Q

What is hematin?

A

a pigmentation formed by the oxidation of hemoglobin

61
Q

When does acid hematin occur?

A

in fixed specimens if the formalin is too acidic

62
Q

When does parasitic hematin occur?

A

when parasites liberate heme during proteolysis of hemoglobin

63
Q

What are extracellular accumulation examples?

A

amyloid, gout, and cholesterol

64
Q

What is gout caused by?

A

urate crystals around joints

65
Q

In what animals is gout found in?

A

in animals with renal failure, often in birds and reptiles

66
Q

What causes cholesterol accumulation?

A

the breakdown of a cell membrane

67
Q

What does cholesterol cause pathologically?

A

acicular (needle shaped) clefts; clear spaces in between cells

68
Q

Where is cholesterol found?

A

in every cell membrane

Pathology (22 decks)

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