Intracellular accumulations

Question 1

What can an abnormal metabolism lead to?

Answer 1

a build up of substances like lipid or glycogen

Question 2

What can a protein mutation lead to in a cell?

Answer 2

an accumulation of abnormal proteins within the cell

Question 3

What can a cell that lacks the enzyme to turn a complex substrate into soluble products do to a cell?

Answer 3

it leads to lysosomal storage disease - an accumulation of endogenous materials

Question 4

What are examples of lysosomal storage diseases?

Answer 4

Ceroid-lipofuscinosis, Krabbe disease, pompe disease, Niemann-Pick

Question 5

What happens when a normal cell ingests indigestible materials?

Answer 5

it leads to an accumulation of exogenous materials

Question 6

What is fatty degeneration known as?

Answer 6

lipidosis/steatosis

Question 7

What is lipidosis?

Answer 7

the accumulation of triglycerides in the cytoplasm

Question 8

Where does fatty degeneration usually occur?

Answer 8

in the liver, kidney, and skeletal/cardiac muscle

Question 9

Why does fatty degeneration usually occur in the liver?

Answer 9

because the liver is the center for lipid metabolism

Question 10

What are the routes of fatty degeneration to the liver?

Answer 10

excessive delivery of fatty acids to the liver, blockage of fatty acid oxidation, interference with the export of triglycerides

Question 11

What is blockage of fatty acid oxidation caused by?

Answer 11

mitochondrial damage

Question 12

What is an increase in mobilization of fat stores to the liver caused by?

Answer 12

caloric deficiency/starvation, diabetes mellitus, pregnancy toxemia, or increased fatty acids from the gut

Question 13

What specifically can cause interference with the export of triglycerides?

Answer 13

decreased protein synthesis or aflatoxin, Impaired formation of lipoproteins, Impaired release of lipoproteins, Impaired synthesis of apoprotein

Question 14

What is the color of fat degeneration grossly in the liver?

Answer 14

yellow, tan

Question 15

What is the location of fat degeneration in the liver?

Answer 15

diffuse

Question 16

What is the appearance on surface and cut surface of a liver in fat degeneration?

Answer 16

rounded edges and granular in appearance

Question 17

What is the size of the liver in fat degeneration?

Answer 17

it is enlarged, hepatomegaly

Question 18

What is the consistency/texture of a liver in fat degeneration?

Answer 18

greasy and friable

Question 19

If you put a piece of liver in formulin that has fatty lipodosis, what does it do?

Answer 19

float

Question 20

Microscopically, what does a cell look like that has fatty degeneration?

Answer 20

cells are swollen and vacuolated, there are large, clear, and crisp margins

Question 21

What causes glycogen degeneration?

Answer 21

hyperglycemia

Question 22

What is hyperglycemia?

Answer 22

increased blood glucose

Question 23

How do you confirm whether it is lipid or glycogen accumulating in the cell?

Answer 23

PAS

Question 24

What color is a cell if glycogen is present after PAS is applied?

Answer 24

dark purple; positive result

Question 25

What color is a cell if lipid is present after PAS is applied?

Answer 25

it remains light purple; negative result

Question 26

What is the appearance of pathologic calcification?

Answer 26

white lesions that are gritty or chalky

Question 27

What are the types of pathologic calcification?

Answer 27

dystrophic or metastatic

Question 28

What is dystrophic calcification?

Answer 28

the deposition of calcium in tissues that are injured or necrotic and the serous level of calcium is normal

Question 29

What type of necrosis does dystrophic calcification occur with?

Answer 29

caseation and coagulation

Question 30

Where can dystrophic calcification occur?

Answer 30

on pressure points, elbows, or suture lines

Question 31

On cut surfaces, what will you see with dystrophic calcification?

Answer 31

lakes of chalky calcified material

Question 32

What is the pathologic appearance of dystrophic calcification?

Answer 32

white lesions that are gritty or chalky

Question 33

What is the pathogenesis of dystrophic calcification?

Answer 33

dying/dead cells leads to denaturation of proteins, calcium binds, and there is mineral deposition

Question 34

What is metastatic calcification?

Answer 34

the deposition of calcium in normal tissues due to secondary hypercalcemia

Question 35

What is hypercalcemia caused by?

Answer 35

altered calcium/phosphorus regulation

Question 36

What stain aids in identifying deposited calcium?

Answer 36

Von Kossa

Question 37

What does exogenous mean?

Answer 37

from the outside world

Question 38

Name some exogenous pigments (4).

Answer 38

pneumonoconiosis, anthracosis, silica, and asbestos

Question 39

What is pneumonoconiosis?

Answer 39

dust pneumonia - causes a lot of pigment

Question 40

What is anthracosis caused by?

Answer 40

carbon, seen with coal miners or people who work with a lot of smoke

Question 41

What does anthracosis look like?

Answer 41

black lung

Question 42

How does an individual get silica pigment?

Answer 42

from sand blasting

Question 43

What is asbestos and what does it cause?

Answer 43

crystal that causes injury to the cell which leads to fibrosis which in turn leads to neoplasia or mesothelioma

Question 44

What does endogenous mean?

Answer 44

from the inside world

Question 45

What are endogenous pigments from?

Answer 45

hemoglobin breakdown, iron breakdown, liposfuscin, melanin, hematin

Question 46

Where does heme breakdown occur?

Answer 46

in macrophages

Question 47

Where does conjugated hemoglobin breakdown occur?

Answer 47

in the liver

Question 48

What color does bilirubin and hematoidin create?

Answer 48

yellow

Question 49

What is bilirubin and hematoidin a product of?

Answer 49

heme breakdown

Question 50

What is bilirubin and hematoidin produced in?

Answer 50

macrophages

Question 51

What are the potential causes of heme break down?

Answer 51

large amounts of hemoglobin release, hepatic dysfunction, blocked bile duct

Question 52

What color does stercobilin create?

Answer 52

a brown color

Question 53

What color does biliverdin create?

Answer 53

green

Question 54

What is hemosiderin?

Answer 54

a pigment caused by the breakdown of iron

Question 55

What color is hemosiderin?

Answer 55

brown

Question 56

If there is a lot of hemosiderin present, what does that indicate?

Answer 56

there has been a hemorrhage there for a while

Question 57

What is liposfuscin?

Answer 57

the wear and tear pigment

Question 58

What are common intracellular accumulations?

Answer 58

melanin and calcium

Question 59

Commonly, where is localized melanin pigmentation found?

Answer 59

the aorta, lungs, and oral mucosa

Question 60

What is hematin?

Answer 60

a pigmentation formed by the oxidation of hemoglobin

Question 61

When does acid hematin occur?

Answer 61

in fixed specimens if the formalin is too acidic

Question 62

When does parasitic hematin occur?

Answer 62

when parasites liberate heme during proteolysis of hemoglobin

Question 63

What are extracellular accumulation examples?

Answer 63

amyloid, gout, and cholesterol

Question 64

What is gout caused by?

Answer 64

urate crystals around joints

Question 65

In what animals is gout found in?

Answer 65

in animals with renal failure, often in birds and reptiles

Question 66

What causes cholesterol accumulation?

Answer 66

the breakdown of a cell membrane

Question 67

What does cholesterol cause pathologically?

Answer 67

acicular (needle shaped) clefts; clear spaces in between cells

Question 68

Where is cholesterol found?

Answer 68

in every cell membrane