Acute Cell Injury and Death

Question 1

What are the causes of cell injury (9)?

Answer 1

oxygen deficiency, infectious agents, nutritional deficiency/imbalance, genetic derangement, workload imbalance, chemicals/drugs/toxins, immunologic dysfunction, aging

Question 2

What is oxygen deficiency known as?

Answer 2

hypoxia

Question 3

What are the physical agents that can cause cell injury?

Answer 3

heat, cold, radiation, toxins, and trauma

Question 4

What are the infectious agents that can cause cell injury?

Answer 4

bacteria, viruses, parasites, proins

Question 5

What are the types of genetic derangement?

Answer 5

inherited and acquired

Question 6

What are the causes of hypoxia?

Answer 6

ischemia, anemia, carbon monoxide, respiratory failure, cardiac failure, thrombus/trauma

Question 7

What is ischemia?

Answer 7

the loss of blood supply to a region

Question 8

What is anemia?

Answer 8

decreased red blood cells and hemoglobin

Question 9

How does carbon monoxide cause hypoxia?

Answer 9

CO binds to hemoglobin in oxygen place which leads to a decrease in oxygen

Question 10

What can cause respiratory failure?

Answer 10

asphyxia and decreased gas exchange

Question 11

What is the recurrent theme of cell swelling pathogenesis?

Answer 11

damage to the mitochondria leads to insufficient ATP production causing an inadequate functioning Na-K pump, then a net influx of Na and therefore water and the cell swelling

Question 12

At what point is cell swelling irreversible?

Answer 12

when the mitochondria and cell membrane is damaged

Question 13

What are the 3 forms of cell death?

Answer 13

necrosis, apoptosis, and post-mortem autolysis

Question 14

What happens during necrosis?

Answer 14

the cell explodes, attracts neutrophils, and fragments are released into the extracellular space

Question 15

What is apoptosis?

Answer 15

programmed cell death

Question 16

What controls apoptosis?

Answer 16

nucleus

Question 17

When a cell undergoes apoptosis, what happens to the cell fragments?

Answer 17

they become membrane bound and are eaten by other cells

Question 18

Physiologically, what happens to cell size during apoptosis?

Answer 18

it shrinks

Question 19

What are the triggers for apoptosis?

Answer 19

pathologic and physiologic

Question 20

What are useful functions of apoptosis?

Answer 20

digit formation, cell infection, neoplastic, immune system, normal involution, old/senescent cells

Question 21

What are some causes of membrane injury?

Answer 21

free radicals, carbon tetrachloride, beta radiation

Question 22

What do free radicals cause?

Answer 22

lipid peroxidation

Question 23

What does carbon tetrachloride cause?

Answer 23

cell swelling

Question 24

What does beta-radiation cause?

Answer 24

loss of selective permeability

Question 25

How does calcium play a role in cell death?

Answer 25

too much calcium in a cell can become mineralized very rapidly and be lethal to the cell

Question 26

What organs does the build up of calcium most commonly affect?

Answer 26

skeletal and cardiac muscle

Question 27

What does the significance of hypoxia depend on?

Answer 27

organ cell/type, degree, duration, and extent

Question 28

Explain why degree affects hypoxia.

Answer 28

how bad the oxygen deficiency is depends on how bad the cells react

Question 29

Explain why duration affects hypoxia.

Answer 29

how long the oxygen deficiency is depends on how bad the cells react or how lethal it is to the patient

Question 30

What does a normal liver look like?

Answer 30

dark, smooth lobes, consistent in color, 'jello-like'

Question 31

If you cut a normal liver, what should happen?

Answer 31

if you cut it, it should go back to normal

Question 32

Histologically, what does cell swelling look like in the liver?

Answer 32

there is space in between cells, more pale, larger, and some hepatocytes do not have nuclei or more than two

Question 33

What are two reliable criteria you can use to tell whether a cell is dead or still reversibly swollen?

Answer 33

disruption of the cell integrity or nuclear morphology