Unit 3 - Lecture 3

Question 1

What are the different categories that can affect the gross appearance of neoplasms?

Answer 1

location, type of tissue, blood supply, rate of growth, duration, size, shape, color, and consistency

Question 2

What is the general formula for the morphological diagnosis of a tumor?

Answer 2

Organ: cell of origin, benign or malignant, primary or secondary site

Question 3

If there is a large volume of blood flowing to a tumor, what could that cause the color to be?

Answer 3

red

Question 4

If a tumor is causing ischemia, what could the color of the tumor be?

Answer 4

pale

Question 5

What could a black tumor indicate?

Answer 5

melanocytic origin

Question 6

What could a dark red tumor indicate?

Answer 6

hemorrhage, highly vascular

Question 7

What could a pale tumor indicate?

Answer 7

ischemia, fat, mineral, round cell masses, new growth, necrosis, or calcification

Question 8

What is the consistency of connective tissue tumors usually?

Answer 8

firm

Question 9

What is the exception to connective tissue neoplasias usually being firm?

Answer 9

myxomas/myxosarcomas are usually soft

Question 10

What consistency are neoplasias in bone usually?

Answer 10

hard

Question 11

What are edemanous neoplasias usually in consistency?

Answer 11

soft

Question 12

What causes a neoplasia to be friable?

Answer 12

reduced blood supply

Question 13

Characterize benign neoplasias.

Answer 13

small, well demarcated, slow growing, noninvasive, nonmetastatic, and well differentiated

Question 14

Characterize malignant neoplasias.

Answer 14

large, poorly demarcated, rapidly growing with hemorrhage and necrosis, locally invasive, metastatic, and poorly differentiated

Question 15

What is parenchyma?

Answer 15

the functional tissue of organ as distinguished from the connective and supporting tissue

Question 16

What is stroma?

Answer 16

the supportive tissue of an organ

Question 17

What are neoplasms of parenchymal origin?

Answer 17

epithelial and mesenchymal

Question 18

What are neoplasms of stromal origin?

Answer 18

connective tissue - specifically fascia, vessels, lobular septa, and cartilage

Question 19

What is latency in relation to tumor growth?

Answer 19

time before a tumor is clinically detectable

Question 20

What are the parameters of the smallest detectable mass?

Answer 20

1 cm in diameter, 10E9 cells

Question 21

When does proliferation in regards to tumor growth occur?

Answer 21

when they fail to enter the G0 phase or failure to arrest at checkpoints

Question 22

How is mitosis and the mitotic index related to the growth of neoplasms?

Answer 22

it depends on the tumor type but they may correlate with the degree of differentiation

Question 23

What is the growth like normally with benign neoplasias?

Answer 23

often slow, and sporadic

Question 24

What is the growth like normally with malignant neoplasias?

Answer 24

rapid growth depending on blood supply

Question 25

What is the initiators role in carcinogenesis?

Answer 25

they are the ones likely to cause mutations of specific genes

Question 26

What is the promotors role in carcinogenesis?

Answer 26

they are the ones that often act by causing proliferation or selection of transformed clones

Question 27

What is an example of a benign neoplasia that can be at multiple sites?

Answer 27

a viral papilloma

Question 28

What does the primary site of a malignant neoplasm refer to?

Answer 28

the cell of origin

Question 29

What does the secondary site of a malignant neoplasm refer to?

Answer 29

a metastatic site

Question 30

What are the three main pathways for metastasis?

Answer 30

hematogenous, lymphatic, and implantation or transcoelomic

Question 31

Where are implantation or transcoelomic metastatic tumors located?

Answer 31

in the thoracic cavity or abdomen

Question 32

In regards to neoplasms, what is usually the major cause of death?

Answer 32

metastasis