Unit 3 - Lecture 4

Question 1

True or False: metastatic neoplasms have the ability to live everywhere.

Answer 1

False - not all neoplasms have the genetic mutations to let them survive in any environment, it is all genetically dependent

Question 2

How can an epithelial cell metastasize?

Answer 2

normally te cell is squared off and attached to one another, the cell becomes very rounded and there is a loss of vasopolarity, the cell moves through the basement membrane and if it has the right genes to survive it can move through a lymphatic duct and travel

Question 3

What is the general rule for metastasis?

Answer 3

not all malignant neoplasms metastasize; some metastaize early and some metastasize late

Question 4

What is an example of a neoplasia that metastasizes early?

Answer 4

a hemangiosarcoma

Question 5

What is an example of a neoplasia that metastasizes late?

Answer 5

a squamous cell carcinoma

Question 6

What are the favored metastatic sites via a hematogenous route?

Answer 6

the lung, liver, and adrenal gland

Question 7

What is the favored metastatic site via a lymphatic spread?

Answer 7

lymph node

Question 8

What are the not so favored metastatic sites?

Answer 8

skin, skeletal muscle, and the spleen (sometimes)

Question 9

What tumors do well in the spleen?

Answer 9

round cell tumors

Question 10

Why are lung, liver, and lymph nodes the organs most commonly affected by metastatic cells?

Answer 10

first capillary bed: filtration, and adhesion (fertile soil)

Question 11

What is transcoelomic metastasis?

Answer 11

the seeding of the body cavity with tumors

Question 12

How do transitional cell carcinomas spread?

Answer 12

by surgical instruments in incision

Question 13

What factors affect tumor production?

Answer 13

growth factors, inflammatory mediators, proteases, and tumor antigens

Question 14

What is the stromal inflammatory cell response to tumor production?

Answer 14

migration towards the tumor, release of inflammatory mediators, and immune response to the tumor

Question 15

What is the stromal fibroblast response to tumor production?

Answer 15

production of growth factors, capsule formation, desmoplasia, myofibroblast development, and development of tumor-specific characteristics

Question 16

What is the stromal extracellular matrix response to tumor production?

Answer 16

release of growth factors and loss of structural integrity

Question 17

What is the stromal vascular endothelium response to tumor production?

Answer 17

angiogenesis, altered permeability, and production of growth factors

Question 18

What is the tumor response to the stromal response to tumor production?

Answer 18

altered proliferation rate, altered differentiation characteristics, altered local invasiveness, altered metastatic capability

Question 19

What are the stimulators of tumor angiogenesis?

Answer 19

vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblastic growth factor

Question 20

What are the inhibitors of tumor angiogenesis?

Answer 20

angiostatin, endostatin, and vasculostatin

Question 21

What characteristics do malignant cells acquire?

Answer 21

loss of growth controls and antigen changes

Question 22

What growth controls do malignant cells lose?

Answer 22

contact inhibition and anchorage dependence

Question 23

How does contact inhibition normally work?

Answer 23

normally when cells interact with one another, they are like ‘oh hey we should stop growing’

Question 24

How does anchorage dependence normally work?

Answer 24

normally when cells reach the basement membrane they are usually like ‘hey we should stop growing’

Question 25

What antigen changes do malignant cells acquire?

Answer 25

different surface antigens and they become hypoimmunogenic (loss of variation)

Question 26

Neoplasia is a disease of the _______.

Answer 26

genome

Question 27

What does neoplasia occur due to?

Answer 27

multiple mutations that promote, suppress, and control cell growth and behavior

Question 28

What classifies a gene to be a potential gene for neoplasmic development?

Answer 28

anything that controls growth and differentiation

Question 29

What should happen to genetically injured cells?

Answer 29

they should undergo apoptosis

Question 30

What is P53?

Answer 30

it is the guardian of the genome; it induces apoptosis or delays the cell cycle to allow for DNA repair

Question 31

What happens if P53 is not active?

Answer 31

the cell cycle will not be stopped and genetically damaged cells will proliferate

Question 32

What is P53 known as?

Answer 32

the tumor suppressor gene

Question 33

What are the main steps for tumor/malignancy to occur?

Answer 33

P53 and other genes, initiation, promotion, and malignant transformation