Unit 3 Extra Questions Flashcards
What 3 organs does secretin target?
1) Liver
2) Pancreas
3) Stomach
What 2 organs do CCK and secretin both target?
Stomach and pancreas
What 3 things does CCK do?
1) Relax the hepatopancreatic sphincter
2) Inhibit mobility of the stomach
3) Stimulate gallbladder contraction
List the 4 steps of fat digestion in order
1) Triglyceride emulsification with bile
2) Triglyceride digestion by lipase and lipid uptake by micelles
3) Absorb lipids from micelles and resynthesize triglycerides in smooth ER
4) Golgi coats with protein (chylomicron), then exocytosis into lacteals
What vitamin is needed for blood clotting?
Vitamin K
1) Where does the chemical digestion of carbohydrates begin and end?
2) Where does the chemical digestion of proteins begin and end?
3) Where does the chemical digestion of nucleic acids start and end?
1) In the oral cavity and in the small intestine
2) In the stomach and in the small intestine
3) In the small intestine and in the small intestine
Micturition occurs when what muscle contracts?
Detrusor
Most sodium is reabsorbed from filtrate by what structure?
PCT (proximal convoluted tubule)
What structures make up the trigone?
The urethra and ureters
If someone were to chronically vomit to try to lose weight, what would they eventually develop?
Metabolic alkalosis
Hypertension is likely to increase the secretion of what?
Natriuretic peptide
1) What 2 buffers are in ICF?
2) Are these the most abundant cations or anions in ICF?
1) Phosphate and protein
2) Most abundant anions
What do the lacteals absorb?
Chylomicrons
1) What type of gastric cell secretes digestive enzymes?
2) What type secretes hormones?
1) Chief cells
2) Enteroendocrine cells
Triglyceride synthesis from glucose is an example of what?
Lipogenesis
What two hormones help maintain weight over the long term?
Insulin and leptin
Name an enzyme that doesn’t end in -ase
Trypsin
Name the 5 jobs of dietary carbs
1) Fuel
2) Make nucleic acids
3) Make glycoproteins
4) Make glycolipids
5) Make ATP
Name the 5 jobs of dietary fats
1) Fuel
2) Hormones
3) Insulation
4) Protective padding
5) Myelin sheath
Name the 4 jobs of proteins
1) Enzymes
2) Emergency fuel
3) Muscle contraction
4) Blood clotting factors
Name the 3 functions of minerals
1) Part of phospholipid bilayer
2) Build strong bones and teeth
3) Basis for phosphate buffer system
Name the 2 main minerals
Phosphate and calcium
Is the mucous secreted by the mucous cells of the stomach acidic or basic? Why?
Basic, for protection
What 3 things do the parietal cells of the stomach secrete?
1) Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
2) Intrinsic factor
3) Ghrelin
What 3 things do the parietal cells of the stomach secrete?
Hydrochloric acid (HCl), intrinsic factor, and ghrelin
What 2 things do chief cells secrete?
1) Gastric lipase
2) Pepsinogen
What 3 things do enteroendocrine cells of the stomach and duodenum secrete?
1) Gastrin
2) Secretin
3) CCK
What hormone stimulates the excretion of phosphate?
PTH
What type of synthesis do the kidneys participate in?
Gluconeogenesis
List order of the first 4 structures from the heart to the kidneys
1) Abdominal aorta
2) Renal artery
3) Segmental artery
4) Interlobar artery
List the 4 structures after the Interlobar artery
1) Arcuate artery
2) Cortical radiate artery
3) Afferent arteriole
4) Glomerulus
List the next 4 structures after leaving the glomerulus
1) Efferent arteriole
2) Peritubular capillary or vasa recta
3) Cortical radiate vein
4) Arcuate vein
What 2 things cause the granular cells to secrete renin?
1) Drop in blood pressure
2) Decrease in urine output
Does renin increase or decrease urination?
Decreases urination
1) Does the ascending or descending limb of the nephron come first?
2) Which part of the nephron loop is saltiest?
1) Descending
2) The bottom
List the next 4 structures after the arcuate vein
1) Interlobar vein
2) Renal vein
3) Inferior vena cava
4) Right atrium
1) Does hyperventilation cause respiratory acidosis or alkalosis?
2) Hyperventilation can help what respiratory condition?
1) Causes respiratory alkalosis (not enough CO2)
2) Respiratory acidosis (expels buildup of CO2 and H+)
Name 3 important proteins in the body
1) Keratin
2) Hemoglobin
3) Enzymes
1) What type of molecule is cholesterol?
2) What is cholesterol an important component of?
3) What is cholesterol a precursor of?
1) Lipid
2) Plasma membranes
3) Testosterone, estrogen, vitamin D, bile acids
Which hormone is secreted by the small intestine in response to the presence of acidic chyme?
Secretin
1) Which 2 muscles manipulate food and push it between teeth during mastication?
2) Which 2 muscles move the jaw to chew?
1) Buccinator and orbicularis oris
2) Masseter and temporalis
The motor fibers of the renal plexus are branches of which nervous system?
Sympathetic
Which 3 hormones regulate the amount of water and salt reabsorbed by the DCT and collecting duct?
1) ADH
2) Aldosterone
3) Natriuretic peptides
Define:
1) Mesangial cells
2) Juxtaglomerular cells
3) Macula densa cells
1) Mesangial: Cells between the arterioles and amongst the glomerular capillaries
2) Juxtaglomerular: Smooth muscle cells within wall of afferent arteriole
3) Macula densa: Epithelial cells at the end of the nephron loop
Which 3 solutes are reabsorbed from the nephron loop?
1) Sodium ions
2) Chloride
3) Potassium ions
Which term is a catch-all category for cerebrospinal, synovial, peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial fluids; vitreous and aqueous humors of the eye; bile; and fluid in the digestive, urinary, and respiratory tracts?
Transcellular fluid
What would the renal tubules do to compensate for respiratory alkalosis?
Decrease the rate of H+ secretion.
1) Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) encourages blood to do what?
2) Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) encourages blood to do what?
3) Capsular pressure encourages blood to do what?
1) Enter the glomerulus
2) Leave the glomerulus
3) Leave the glomerulus
What is the purpose of the circular folds in the small intestine?
To increase contact with mucous
Lack of microvilli in the small intestine can cause what?
1) Severe malnutrition
2) Dehydration
1) Angiotensin stimulates the release of what two hormones?
2) What does angiotensin do to blood pressure?
1) ADH and aldosterone
2) Increases BP
True or false: Natriuretic peptide is a diuretic that helps decrease blood pressure
True
1) Vomiting is associated with acidosis or alkalosis?
2) Diarrhea is associated with acidosis or alkalosis?
1) Alkalosis
2) Acidosis
Is the phosphate buffer system intracellular or extracellular?
Intracellular
What does peptide yy do?
It’s a short-term regulator secreted by enteroendocrine cells that stops eating and prevents the stomach from emptying too quick
