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Anatomy and Physiology II > Chapter 20: Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Chapter 20: Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

________________ carry blood away from heart

______________ carry blood back to heart

A

Arteries carry blood away from heart

Veins carry blood back to heart

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2
Q

_________ connect smallest arteries to smallest veins and directly serve tissue cells

A

Capillaries

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3
Q

Define lumen

A

central blood-containing space

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4
Q

The walls of arteries and veins composed of what?

A

3 tunics

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5
Q

What are the 3 tunics of blood vessels?

A

Tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica externa

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6
Q

Describe tunica interna of blood vessels

A
  • Endothelium: simple squamous epithelium overlying basement membrane
  • Acts as a selectively permeable barrier
  • Secretes chemicals that stimulate dilation or constriction
  • Normally repels blood cells and platelets
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7
Q

Describe tunica media

A
  • Consists of smooth muscle, collagen, and elastic tissue
  • Regulated in part by sympathetic nervous system
  • Controls vasoconstriction (muscle contracts) and vasodilation (muscle relaxes)
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8
Q

Describe tunica externa

A
  • Collagen fibers that protect and reinforce vessels
  • Anchors the vessel and provides passage for small nerves, lymphatic vessels
  • Vasa vasorum (**): small vessels that supply blood to outer part of the larger vessels
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9
Q

What are the 4 types of arteries?

A

1) Conducting (elastic or large) arteries
2) Distributing (muscular or medium) arteries
3) Resistance (small) arteries
4) Metarterioles

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10
Q

Describe conducting (elastic or large) arteries

A
  • Biggest arteries
  • Aorta, common carotid, subclavian, pulmonary trunk, and common iliac arteries
  • Have layers of elastic tissue
  • Expand during systole, taking pressure
  • Recoils during diastole maintains pressure and keeps blood flowing
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11
Q

Describe distributing (muscular or medium) arteries

A
  • Distributes blood to specific organs
  • Brachial, femoral, renal, and splenic arteries
  • Smooth muscle layers constitute three-fourths of wall thickness
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12
Q

Describe resistance (small) arteries

A
  • Arterioles**: smallest arteries

- Thicker tunica media in proportion to their lumen and very little tunica externa

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13
Q

Describe metarterioles

A
  • In some places, short vessels that link arterioles to capillaries
  • Have a precapillary sphincter
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14
Q

Describe an aneurysm and list its most common sites

A
  • Weak point in artery or heart wall
  • Forms a thin-walled, bulging sac that pulsates with each heartbeat and may rupture at any time
  • Most common sites: abdominal aorta, renal arteries, and arterial circle at base of brain
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15
Q

Describe arterial sense organs

A
  • Sensory structures in walls of major vessels that monitor blood pressure and chemistry
  • Transmit information to brainstem to regulate heart rate, blood vessel diameter, and respiration
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16
Q

Carotid and aortic bodies are ____receptors, whereas carotid sinuses are ____receptors

A

Carotid and aortic bodies are chemoreceptors, whereas carotid sinuses are baroreceptors

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17
Q

Name 3 arterial sense organs

A

1) Carotid body
2) Carotid sinus
3) Aortic body

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18
Q

Define capillaries and what they’re composed of

A
  • Defined as exchange vessels

- Composed of endothelium and basal lamina

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19
Q

Name the 3 types of capillaries

A

1) Continuous capillaries
2) Fenestrated capillaries
3) Sinusoids

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20
Q

Describe continuous capillaries

A
  • Occur in most tissues
  • Endothelial cells have tight junctions forming a continuous tube
  • Intercellular clefts allow passage of small solutes such as glucose
  • Blood-brain barrier do not have the clefts
  • Least permeable, most common
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21
Q

What is the least permeable but most common type of capillary?

A

Continuous capillaries

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22
Q

Describe fenestrated capillaries and where they’re found

A

-Found in organs that require rapid absorption or filtration (Kidneys, small intestine)
=Endothelial cells riddled with holes called filtration pores (fenestrations)

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23
Q

Describe sinusoids (discontinuous capillaries) and where they’re found

A
  • Found in liver, bone marrow, spleen
  • Irregular blood-filled spaces with large fenestrations
  • Allow proteins (albumin), clotting factors, and new blood cells to enter the circulation
  • Most permeable
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24
Q

What is the most permeable type of capillary?

A

Sinusoids (discontinuous capillaries)

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25
Q

Define and describe capillary beds

A
  • Defined as networks of 10-100 capillaries
  • Usually supplied by a single arteriole or metarteriole
  • At any given time, three-fourths of body’s capillaries are shut down
  • Most control of flow involves constriction of arterioles that are upstream from the capillaries
  • Within the capillary bed, precapillary sphincters control flow
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26
Q

Most control of flow involves constriction of _______ that are upstream from the capillaries.
Within the capillary bed, _________ _______ control flow

A

arterioles; precapillary sphincters

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27
Q

At any given time, _________ of body’s capillaries are shut down

A

three-fourths

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28
Q

Describe the characteristics of veins

A
  • Greater capacity for blood than arteries
  • Thinner walls, less muscular, collapse when empty, expand easily
  • ______(**))_____blood pressure
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29
Q

List 4 types of veins and their sizes

A
  • Postcapillary venules: smallest veins
  • Muscular venules: up to 1 mm in diameter
  • Medium veins: up to 10 mm in diameter
  • Large veins: diameter larger than 10 mm
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30
Q

Describe the characteristics of medium veins

A
  • Up to 10 mm in diameter
  • Thin tunica media and thick tunica externa
  • Tunica interna forms one-way valves
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31
Q

Describe venous sinuses

A
  • Veins with especially thin walls, large lumens, and no smooth muscle
  • Dural venous sinus and coronary sinus of the heart
  • Not capable of vasoconstriction
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32
Q

Describe large veins

A
  • Diameter larger than 10 mm
  • Thin tunica media with thicker tunica externa
  • Have venae cavae, pulmonary veins, internal jugular veins, and renal veins
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33
Q

Describe varicose veins and factors that can make them worse

A
  • Blood pools in the lower legs of people who stand for long periods stretching the veins: valves fail in superficial veins, blood backflows and further distends the vessels, walls grow weak
  • Hereditary weakness, obesity, and pregnancy also promote problems
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34
Q

Name a type of varicose vein

A

Hemorrhoids: varicose veins of the anal canal

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35
Q

What is the simplest and most common route for blood? (hint: passes through only one network of capillaries)

A

Heart > arteries > arterioles > capillaries > venules > veins > Heart

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36
Q

Define a portal system and give 3 examples

A
  • When blood flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to heart
  • Examples:
    1) Between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
    2) In kidneys
    3) Between intestines to liver
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37
Q

Define anastomosis

A

A convergence point between two vessels other than capillaries

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38
Q

Define an arteriovenous anastomosis (shunt)

A

Artery flows directly into vein, bypassing capillaries

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39
Q

Define a venous anastomosis

A
  • Most common

- Vein blockage is less serious than arterial blockage

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40
Q

Define an arterial anastomosis

A
  • Provides collateral (alternative) routes of blood supply to a tissue
  • Coronary circulation and common around joints
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41
Q

Blood supply to a tissue can be expressed in terms of ______ and _______

A

Blood supply to a tissue can be expressed in terms of flow and perfusion

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42
Q

Define blood flow

A

The amount of blood flowing through an organ, tissue, or blood vessel in a given time (mL/min.)

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43
Q

Define perfusion

A

The flow per given volume or mass of tissue in a given time (mL/min./g)

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44
Q

At rest, total flow is quite constant, and is equal to the _______ _______ (5.25 L/min)

A

cardiac output

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45
Q

What are blood pressure, resistance, and flow needed for?

A

Delivery of nutrients and oxygen, and removal of metabolic wastes

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46
Q

Physical principles of blood flow based on _______ and _______

A

pressure and resistance

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47
Q

The greater the _______ difference between two points, the greater the flow.

A

pressure

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48
Q

The greater the ________, the less the flow

A

resistance

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49
Q

Define blood pressure (BP)

A

The force that blood exerts against a vessel wall

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50
Q

What two pressures are recorded in BP?

A

Systolic and diastolic pressure

51
Q

What is a normal blood pressure in a young adult?

A

120/75 mm Hg

52
Q

Blood flow in arteries is _______, meaning that speed surges from 40 cm/s to 120 cm/s

A

pulsatile

53
Q

What property of arterial blood flow explains why blood spurts intermittently from an open artery?

A

Arterial blood flow is pulsatile

54
Q

In capillaries and veins, does blood flow at a steady speed, or is it pulsatile?

A

Blood flows at a steady speed

55
Q

True or false: BP tends to rise with age

A

True

56
Q

What two things can cause BP to rise with age?

A

Arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis

57
Q

Define atherosclerosis

A

A build up of lipid deposits that become plaques

58
Q

Define arteriosclerosis

A

The stiffening of arteries due to deterioration of elastic tissues of artery walls

59
Q

Define hypertension and describe its consequences

A
  • High blood pressure; a chronic resting BP > 140/90

- Consequences: can weaken arteries, cause aneurysms, promote atherosclerosis

60
Q

Define hypotension and its causes

A
  • Chronic low resting BP

- Caused by blood loss, dehydration, anemia

61
Q

What 3 things determine blood pressure?

A

1) Cardiac output
2) Blood volume
3) Resistance to flow

62
Q

Define peripheral resistance

A
  • Resistance is opposition to flow

- Measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through vessels

63
Q

Resistance hinges on what 3 variables?

A

Blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel radius

64
Q

Define and describe blood viscosity

A
  • The “thickness” of blood
  • RBC count and albumin concentration elevate viscosity the most
  • Increased viscosity will increase resistance
65
Q

Define vessel length

A

The farther liquid travels through a tube, the more cumulative friction it encounters (increase resistance)

66
Q

What two factors of resistance typically remain relatively constant?

A

Blood viscosity and vessel length

67
Q

Define and describe vessel radius

A
  • The most powerful influence over flow
  • Changes are frequent and significantly alter peripheral resistance
  • Vasoreflexes: Vasoconstriction vs. Vasodilation
  • Smaller diameter, increase in resistance
68
Q

What is the most powerful influence over flow?

A

Vessel radius

69
Q

__________ produce half of the total peripheral resistance

A

Arterioles

70
Q

__________ is the most important factor in influencing local blood pressure

A

Resistance

71
Q 
If R (resistance) increases, blood pressure \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
and blood flow \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Blood pressure increases and blood flow decreases

72
Q

Describe ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

A
  • Released when you are dehydrated
  • Increases water reabsorption at kidneys, less water in urine
  • More water put back into your blood
73
Q

Describe aldosterone

A
  • Reabsorb more sodium (water follows)

- Excrete potassium

74
Q

Define vasomotion

A

Vasomotion is a quick and powerful way of altering blood pressure and flow

75
Q

What are the 3 ways of controlling vasomotor activity?

A

1) Local control
2) Neural control
3) Hormonal control

76
Q

What are the 4 types of local control of vasomotor activity?

A

1) Autoregulation (Metabolic theory)
2) Chemicals
3) Reactive hyperemia
4) Angiogenesis

77
Q

Describe autoregulation (metabolic theory) of local control of vasomotor activity

A
  • The ability of tissues to regulate their own blood supply
  • The accumulation of wastes stimulates _(**)__________________ (increases perfusion)
  • When wastes are removed, vessels constrict
78
Q

Describe the local control of vasomotor activity through chemicals

A
  • Chemicals secreted by platelets, endothelial cells, etc.

- Histamine, Bradykinin, and Nitric oxide stimulate vasodilation

79
Q

What 3 chemicals stimulate vasodialation?

A

Histamine, Bradykinin, and Nitric oxide

80
Q

Describe reactive hyperemia (hint: a local mechanism to control vasomotor activity)

A

If blood supply cut off then restored, flow increases above normal

81
Q

Describe angiogenesis (a type of local control of vasomotor activity)

A
  • Growth of new blood vessels

- Occurs in regrowth of uterine lining, around coronary artery obstructions, in exercised muscle, and malignant tumors

82
Q

Vasomotor center of medulla exerts ________________ control over blood vessels throughout the body

A

vasomotor (**)

83
Q

The vasomotor center of the medulla stimulates most vessels to ______, but ____vessels in cardiac muscle

A

constrict; dilates

84
Q

The vasomotor center is the integrating center for what 3 reflexes?

A

1) Baroreflexes
2) Chemoreflexes
3) Medullary ischemic reflex

85
Q

Describe baroreflex

A
  • Short-term regulation:
    1) Increases in BP detected by carotid sinuses
    2) Glossopharyngeal nerve sends signals to brainstem
    3) Results in: 1) inhibition of sympathetic cardiac and vasomotor neurons, and 2) excitation of vagal fibers that slow heart rate and thus reduce BP
  • Decreases in BP have the opposite effect
86
Q

Describe the primary and secondary roles of chemoreflex

A

1) Primary role: adjust respiration to changes in pH, O2 and CO2
2) Secondary role: vasomotion
- Hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and acidosis stimulate vasoconstriction
- This increases BP, lung perfusion, and gas exchange

87
Q

Describe the medullary ischemic reflex

A
  • An automatic response to a drop in perfusion (ischemia) of the brain
    1) Cardiac and vasomotor centers send sympathetic signals to heart and blood vessels
    2) Increases heart rate and contraction force
    3) Causes widespread vasoconstriction
    4) Raises BP and restores normal perfusion to the brain
88
Q

Name one vasoconstrictor hormone and one vasodilator hormone

A

1) Angiotensin II: potent vasoconstrictor; promotes Na+ and water retention by kidneys
2) Atrial natriuretic peptide: increases urinary sodium excretion, reduces blood volume, promotes vasodilation

89
Q

What does ADH do?

A

ADH promotes water retention

90
Q

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

A
  • Most blood vessels bind to 𝛼-adrenergic receptors—vasoconstriction
  • In cardiac muscle blood vessels bind to 𝛽-adrenergic receptors—vasodilation
91
Q

What are the two purposes of vasodilation and vasoconstriction?

A

1) General method of raising or lowering BP
-Requires medullary vasomotor center or a
hormone
2) Rerouting blood from one body region to another

92
Q

Rerouting blood can be either ______ or locally controlled

A

centrally

93
Q

Give 3 examples of blood being rerouted

A

1) During exercise, sympathetic system reduces blood flow to kidneys and digestive tract and increases blood flow to skeletal muscles
2) Metabolite accumulation in a tissue affects local circulation without affecting circulation elsewhere in the body
3) If a specific artery constricts, the pressure downstream drops, pressure upstream rises

94
Q

Where is the only place exchanges are made between the blood and surrounding tissues?

A

Capillary walls

95
Q

Define capillary exchange and give examples of things that are exchanged

A
  • Two-way movement of fluid across capillary walls

- Exs: Water, oxygen, glucose, amino acids, lipids, minerals, antibodies, hormones, wastes, carbon dioxide, ammonia

96
Q

What are the 3 routes chemicals use to pass by during capillary exchange?

A

1) Through endothelial cell cytoplasm
2) Intercellular clefts between endothelial cells
3) Filtration pores (fenestrations) of the fenestrated capillaries

97
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms involved in the capillary exchange of chemicals?

A

Diffusion, transcytosis, filtration, and reabsorption

98
Q

Describe the use of diffusion as a method for capillary exchange

A
  • Most important method
  • Lipid-soluble substances and gases (O_2 and CO_2): through plasma membranes
  • Water-soluble substances (such as glucose and electrolytes): through filtration pores and intercellular clefts.
  • Large particles such as proteins held back
99
Q

What is the most important method of capillary exchange?

A

Diffusion

100
Q

Describe the use of transcytosis as a method for capillary exchange

A
  • Endothelial cells pick up material on one side of their membrane by endocytosis, transport vesicles across cell, and discharge material on other side by ____(**)______________
  • Important for fatty acids, proteins, and some hormones (insulin)
101
Q

Define and describe the purposes of filtration and reabsorption

A
  • Fluid filters out of the arterial end of the capillary and osmotically reenters at the venous end
    1) Determines relative fluid volumes of blood and interstitial fluid
    2) Delivers materials to cells and removes metabolic wastes
102
Q

Define and give an example of hydrostatic pressure

A
  • A physical force exerted against a surface by a liquid

- Ex: Blood pressure in vessels is hydrostatic pressure

103
Q

Capillaries reabsorb about __% of the fluid they filter. The other __% is absorbed by the lymphatic system and returned to the blood

A

85%; 15%

104
Q

Capillary ______ at arterial end

Capillary ______ at venous end

A

Capillary filtration at arterial end

Capillary reabsorption at venous end

105
Q

Describe the variations in capillary filtration and reabsorption

A

1) Location
- Glomeruli—devoted to filtration
- Alveolar capillary—devoted to absorption (keeps fluid out of air spaces)
2) Activity or trauma
- Increases filtration

106
Q

Define edema

A

The accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue

107
Q

Describe the 3 primary causes of edemas

A

1) Increased capillary filtration
- Kidney failure, histamine release, old age, poor venous return
2) Reduced capillary absorption
- Hypoproteinemia, liver disease, dietary protein deficiency
3) Obstructed lymphatic drainage
- Surgical removal of lymph nodes

108
Q

Describe the effects of edemas

A

1) Tissue necrosis
- Oxygen delivery and waste removal impaired
2) Pulmonary edema
- Suffocation threat
3) Cerebral edema
- Headaches, nausea, seizures, and coma
4) Severe edema or circulatory shock
- Excess fluid in tissue spaces causes low blood volume and low blood pressure

109
Q

What is the most important mechanism of venous return?

A

Pressure gradient

110
Q

Name the 5 mechanisms of venous return

A

1) Pressure gradient
2) Gravity
3) Skeletal muscle pump
4) Thoracic (respiratory) pump
5) Cardiac suction

111
Q

Describe the pressure gradient mechanism of venous return

A
  • Most important

- Pressure at venules (12 to 18 mm Hg) drops to ~5 mm Hg where the venae cavae enters heart

112
Q

Describe the gravity mechanism of venous return

A

drains blood from head and neck

113
Q

Describe the skeletal muscle pump method of venous return

A
  • A pump in the limbs

- Contracting muscle squeezes blood out of the compressed part of the vein; Valves prevent backflow

114
Q

Describe the Thoracic (respiratory) pump mechanism of venous return

A

Pressure changes during breathing squeeze veins

115
Q

Describe the cardiac suction mechanism of venous return

A

Cardiac suction of expanding atrial space

116
Q

Describe the 4 ways in which exercise increases venous return

A

1) Heart beats faster and harder, increasing CO and BP
2) Vessels of skeletal muscles, lungs, and heart dilate and increase flow
3) Increased respiratory rate, increased action of thoracic pump
4) Increased skeletal muscle pump

117
Q

Describe venous pooling, when it happens, and how to prevent it

A
  • Occurs with inactivity when venous pressure not enough to force blood upward
  • With prolonged standing, CO may be low enough to cause dizziness
  • Prevented by tensing leg muscles, activate skeletal muscle pump
  • Jet pilots wear pressure suits to prevent this
118
Q

Define circulatory shock and list its 2 basic types

A
  • Defined as any state in which cardiac output is insufficient to meet the body’s metabolic needs
  • 2 types: Cardiogenic shock and low venous return (LVR)
119
Q

Define cardiogenic shock and low venous return (LVR)

A
  • The 2 basic types of circulatory shock
  • Cardiogenic shock: inadequate pumping of heart (MI)
  • Low venous return (LVR): cardiac output is low because too little blood is returning to the heart
120
Q

Define the 3 principle forms of LVR shock

A

!) Hypovolemic shock; most common

  • Loss of blood volume: trauma, burns, dehydration
    2) Obstructed venous return shock
  • Tumor or aneurysm compresses a vein
    3) Venous pooling (vascular) shock
  • Long periods of standing, sitting, or widespread vasodilation
121
Q

The most common type of LVR shock is ________ shock

A

Hypovolemic shock

122
Q

Define neurogenic shock

A
  • A type of circulatory shock characterized by loss of vasomotor tone, vasodilation
  • Causes from emotional shock to brainstem injury
123
Q

Define septic shock

A

-A type of circulatory shock where bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

Anatomy and Physiology II (40 decks)

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