Random Final Prep Questions

Question 1

List the 3 functions of platelets

Answer 1

1) Promote clotting and also initiate dissolution of clots
2) Release vasoconstrictors
3) Release factors that attract WBCs

Question 2

List the 3 steps of hemostasis in order

Answer 2

1) Vascular spasm
2) Platelet plug formation
3) Blood clotting

Question 3

1) Define coagulation
2) Define agglutination

Answer 3

1) Coagulation is the interaction of protein factors to produce a clot
2) Agglutination is the clumping of cells or molecules by antibodies.

Question 4

Name 3 functions of plasma proteins

Answer 4

1) Transport of iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones
2) Clotting
3) Immune defense

Question 5

What type of circulation supplies the heart with blood?

Answer 5

Coronary circulation

Question 6

In what order do ventricular filling, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, and isovolumetric contraction occur?

Answer 6

1) Ventricular filling
2) Isovolumetric contraction
3) Ventricular ejection
4) Isovolumetric relaxation

Question 7

List the branches of the aortic arch in order starting with the branch closest to the heart.

Answer 7

1) Brachiocephalic trunk
2) Left common carotid artery
3) Left subclavian artery

Question 8

1) The brachiocephalic vein is formed by the union of which two veins?
2) Which vein of the upper limb is the most common site for drawing blood?

Answer 8

1) Subclavian and internal jugular
2) Median cubital vein

Question 9

List the order of blood flow from the external iliac artery to the dorsal pedal artery (5 steps)

Answer 9

1) External iliac artery
2) Femoral artery
3) Popliteal artery
4) Anterior tibial artery
5) Dorsal pedal artery

Question 10

Name 3 things that can diffuse directly through the plasma membrane or endothelial cells to leave the blood

Answer 10

1) Carbon dioxide
2) Steroid hormones
3) Oxygen

Question 11

Name 3 arteries that branch directly off the celiac trunk

Answer 11

1) Splenic artery
2) Left gastric artery
3) Common hepatic artery

Question 12

Name 4 principal veins of the hepatic portal system that carry blood from GI organs to liver

Answer 12

1) Inferior/superior mesenteric veins
2) Gastric veins
3) Hepatic portal vein
4) Splenic vein

Question 13

Define transcytosis (in the context of the blood vessels)

Answer 13

A process in which endothelial cells pick up material on one side of the plasma membrane by pinocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis, transport the vesicles across the cell, and discharge the material on the other side by exocytosis

Question 14

During strenuous exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. Which type of vessels dilate in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine to facilitate this?

Answer 14

Arterioles

Question 15

List the 4 things released by cytotoxic T cells

Answer 15

1) Interferons
2) Tumor necrosis factor
3) Perforins
4) Granzymes

Question 16

Name the 4 ways antibodies disable antigens

Answer 16

1) Precipitation
2) Agglutination
3) Complement fixation
4) Neutralization

Question 17

Describe secondary immune response (when do antibodies appear, after how many exposures does this occur, what antibodies are formed first)

Answer 17

1) Antibodies first appear within hours, peaking at day 3.
2) It occurs after the second and subsequent exposures to an antigen.
3) IgG antibodies are formed first.

Question 18

1) What region determines an antibodies’ class?
2) What two things must happen for a B cell to be activated?

Answer 18

1) Constant region (below antigen binding site)
2) It usually must bind to a helper T cell and must bind an antigen on several surface receptors

Question 19

List the 4 steps of B-cell activation in order

Answer 19

1) Antigen recognition and display of processed epitope on MHC-II
2) Helper T cell secretes interleukins to activate B cell
3) Clonal selection of B cell
4) Differentiation into plasma and memory cells

Question 20

1) Where are T and B cells created?
2) Where are T cells educated?

Answer 20

1) Red bone marrow
2) Thymus

Question 21

Which MHC class of proteins occur on all nucleated somatic cells and may trigger a cytotoxic T cell response if displaying a viral protein?

Answer 21

1) MHC-I

Question 22

1) The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume is _________________
2) The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration is __________________
3) The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval is _____________________

Answer 22

1) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
2) Residual Volume (RV)
3) Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)

Question 23

1) Define carboxyhemoglobin
2) Name the 3 ways carbon dioxide is transported in blood. Which is most common?

Answer 23

1) Transport of carbon dioxide by hemoglobin
2) Bicarbonate ion, dissolved gas, and carbaminohemoglobin. Bicarbonate: most common.

Question 24

1) Blood platelets come from megakaryocytes primarily from what organ?
2) Which term refers to the layer of serous membrane that lines the mediastinum, the inner surfaces of the rib cage, and the superior surface of the diaphragm?

Answer 24

1) Lungs
2) Parietal pleura

Question 25

1) Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration?
2) How do you find vital capacity?

Answer 25

1) Diaphragm and intercostals
2) Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

Question 26

1) Define spermatogenesis
2) Define spermiogenesis

Answer 26

1) Both meiotic divisions plus spermiogenesis
2) The transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa

Question 27

Urination: What two things affect the filtration coefficient?

Answer 27

1) The surface area available for filtration
2) Permeability of the filtration membrane

Question 28

Name 3 categories of transcellular fluids

Answer 28

1) Vitreous and aqueous humors of the eye
2) Cerebrospinal, synovial, peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial fluids
3) Bile and fluid in the digestive, urinary, and respiratory tracts

Question 29

Name the two defecation reflexes and what they do. What are they both stimulated by?

Answer 29

1) Intrinsic defecation reflex: relatively weak
2) Parasympathetic: spinal reflex, causes peristalsis and relaxing of internal anal sphincter.
3) Both caused by stretching of the rectum

Question 30

1) What part of the nervous system inhibits the stomach? What part stimulates it?
2) Name the 3 enzymes that digest disaccharides
3) What 2 nutrients are absorbed without the need for digestion?

Answer 30

1) Sympathetic inhibits, parasympathetic stimulates
2) Lactase, maltase, and sucrase
3) Vitamins and minerals

Question 31

1) What are the most common colonic contractions (~ 2x an hour)
2) What are the 3 end products of lipid digestion?
3) Which muscles manipulate food and push it between teeth during mastication?

Answer 31

1) Haustral contractions
2) Two free fatty acids + monoglyceride
3) Buccinator and orbicularis oris

Question 32

1) Name the 3 things that stimulate protein synthesis
2) Cholesterol is a major structural component of what?
3) What type of molecule is cholesterol?
4) Name 4 things cholesterol is a precursor of

Answer 32

1) Growth hormone, thyroid hormones, and insulin
2) Plasma membranes
3) A lipid
4) Estrogen, bile acids, testosterone, and vitamin D

Question 33

1) The part of the antigen that is recognized by the immune system is the __________
2) What is the only essential function of the stomach?

Answer 33

1) Epitope or antigenic determinant
2) Produce intrinsic factor

Question 34

1) Sex-linked disorders; are they usually recessive?
2) Sickle cell is incomplete dominance; which is sickle cell trait? Which is sickle cell anemia?

Answer 34

1) Yes
2) Sickle cell trait is heterozygous, sickle cell anemia is homozygous recessive

Question 35

1) Why are proteases secreted in inactive form?
2) List the 4 layers of the digestive tract from superficial to deep
3) What parasympathetic nerve is primarily involved in digestion?

Answer 35

1) Because they would digest any protein including other enzymes
2) Serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa
3) Vagus

Question 36

1) What two things do both CCK and secretin target?
2) Once trypsin is activated by enteropeptidase, what does it activate?

Answer 36

1) Pancreas and stomach
2) Trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsinogen

Question 37

List the 4 steps of fat digestion in order

Answer 37

1) Triglycerides emulsified by bile
2) Triglycerides digested by lipase, lipids taken up by micelles
3) Absorb lipids from micelles and resynthesize triglycerides in smooth ER
4) Golgi coats with protein (chylomicron) then exocytosis into lacteals

Question 38

1) What vitamin made by gut bacteria do you need for blood clotting?
2) What is the purpose of the intestinal brush border enzymes?

Answer 38

1) K
2) Make nutrients small enough to be absorbed

Question 39

1) Angiotensin stimulates the release of what two hormones?
2) What is the fastest buffer system?

Answer 39

1) Aldosterone and ADH
2) Chemical buffer system

Question 40

1) Most areas of the GI tract are lined with what?
2) What cell type helps promote B12 absorption? By secreting what?
3) What is secreted in response to acidic chyme of stomach?

Answer 40

1) Simple columnar epithelium
2) Parietal cells; inhibin
3) Secretin

Question 41

1) Lack of microvilli in small intestine can cause what two things?
2) What 4 things can be made from carbohydrates?
3) True or false: some triglycerides are hormones

Answer 41

1) Malnutrition and dehydration
2) Glycoproteins, nucleic acids, glycolipids, ATP
3) True

Question 42

1) Name the 3 functions of minerals
2) Micturition occurs when the __________ contracts

Answer 42

1) Bones and teeth, phospholipid bilayer, phosphate buffer system
2) Detrusor

Question 43

1) Sodium is normal in filtrate, but is almost immediately removed by what?
2) What increase water absorption without increasing sodium absorption?
3) Name the 2 buffers of ICF

Answer 43

1) The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
2) ADH
3) Phosphate and protein

Question 44

1) What type of gastric cells secrete digestive enzymes?
2) What is the purpose of the ridges of the stomach?
3) Where does iron bind to in an RBC?

Answer 44

1) Chief cells
2) Allows for expansion when full of food
3) Center of heme pigment

Question 45

1) When does atrial systole occur on an EKG?
2) As venous return increases, what increases? (according to Frank-Starling law)

Answer 45

1) Right after P wave
2) Stroke volume increases

Question 46

1) What is the counter measure to hypercapnia (high CO2) regarding heart rate?
2) What two things use simple diffusion in capillary exchange?

Answer 46

1) Increase heart rate to increase perfusion
2) Lipid-soluble and non-polar substances

Question 47

1) Which end of a capillary reabsorbs and which end filters?
2) Name a consequence of edema

Answer 47

1) Venous end (distal) reabsorbs, and the arterial end (proximal) filters
2) Tissue necrosis

Question 48

1) What are the 3 types of low venous return?
2) What do interferons work best against?
3) What do complement proteins work best against?

Answer 48

1) Venous pooling (vascular) shock, hypovolemic shock, obstructed venous return
2) Interferons: viruses
3) Complement proteins: bacteria

Question 49

1) What type of cell is most of the respiratory system lined with?
2) Do the pulmonary arteries carry blood to or from the lungs? Are they blue or red?
2) Increasing the thickness of the respiratory membrane does what to pH and O2?

Answer 49

1) Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
2) To the lungs; blue
3) Decreases both pH and O2 level in blood