Random Final Prep Questions Flashcards
List the 3 functions of platelets
1) Promote clotting and also initiate dissolution of clots
2) Release vasoconstrictors
3) Release factors that attract WBCs
List the 3 steps of hemostasis in order
1) Vascular spasm
2) Platelet plug formation
3) Blood clotting
1) Define coagulation
2) Define agglutination
1) Coagulation is the interaction of protein factors to produce a clot
2) Agglutination is the clumping of cells or molecules by antibodies.
Name 3 functions of plasma proteins
1) Transport of iron, copper, lipids, hydrophobic hormones
2) Clotting
3) Immune defense
What type of circulation supplies the heart with blood?
Coronary circulation
In what order do ventricular filling, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation, and isovolumetric contraction occur?
1) Ventricular filling
2) Isovolumetric contraction
3) Ventricular ejection
4) Isovolumetric relaxation
List the branches of the aortic arch in order starting with the branch closest to the heart.
1) Brachiocephalic trunk
2) Left common carotid artery
3) Left subclavian artery
1) The brachiocephalic vein is formed by the union of which two veins?
2) Which vein of the upper limb is the most common site for drawing blood?
1) Subclavian and internal jugular
2) Median cubital vein
List the order of blood flow from the external iliac artery to the dorsal pedal artery (5 steps)
1) External iliac artery
2) Femoral artery
3) Popliteal artery
4) Anterior tibial artery
5) Dorsal pedal artery
Name 3 things that can diffuse directly through the plasma membrane or endothelial cells to leave the blood
1) Carbon dioxide
2) Steroid hormones
3) Oxygen
Name 3 arteries that branch directly off the celiac trunk
1) Splenic artery
2) Left gastric artery
3) Common hepatic artery
Name 4 principal veins of the hepatic portal system that carry blood from GI organs to liver
1) Inferior/superior mesenteric veins
2) Gastric veins
3) Hepatic portal vein
4) Splenic vein
Define transcytosis (in the context of the blood vessels)
A process in which endothelial cells pick up material on one side of the plasma membrane by pinocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis, transport the vesicles across the cell, and discharge the material on the other side by exocytosis
During strenuous exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. Which type of vessels dilate in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine to facilitate this?
Arterioles
List the 4 things released by cytotoxic T cells
1) Interferons
2) Tumor necrosis factor
3) Perforins
4) Granzymes
Name the 4 ways antibodies disable antigens
1) Precipitation
2) Agglutination
3) Complement fixation
4) Neutralization
Describe secondary immune response (when do antibodies appear, after how many exposures does this occur, what antibodies are formed first)
1) Antibodies first appear within hours, peaking at day 3.
2) It occurs after the second and subsequent exposures to an antigen.
3) IgG antibodies are formed first.
1) What region determines an antibodies’ class?
2) What two things must happen for a B cell to be activated?
1) Constant region (below antigen binding site)
2) It usually must bind to a helper T cell and must bind an antigen on several surface receptors
List the 4 steps of B-cell activation in order
1) Antigen recognition and display of processed epitope on MHC-II
2) Helper T cell secretes interleukins to activate B cell
3) Clonal selection of B cell
4) Differentiation into plasma and memory cells
1) Where are T and B cells created?
2) Where are T cells educated?
1) Red bone marrow
2) Thymus
Which MHC class of proteins occur on all nucleated somatic cells and may trigger a cytotoxic T cell response if displaying a viral protein?
1) MHC-I
1) The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume is _________________
2) The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration is __________________
3) The amount of air that can be exhaled in a given time interval is _____________________
1) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
2) Residual Volume (RV)
3) Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV)
1) Define carboxyhemoglobin
2) Name the 3 ways carbon dioxide is transported in blood. Which is most common?
1) Transport of carbon dioxide by hemoglobin
2) Bicarbonate ion, dissolved gas, and carbaminohemoglobin. Bicarbonate: most common.
1) Blood platelets come from megakaryocytes primarily from what organ?
2) Which term refers to the layer of serous membrane that lines the mediastinum, the inner surfaces of the rib cage, and the superior surface of the diaphragm?
1) Lungs
2) Parietal pleura
1) Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration?
2) How do you find vital capacity?
1) Diaphragm and intercostals
2) Tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus inspiratory reserve volume
1) Define spermatogenesis
2) Define spermiogenesis
1) Both meiotic divisions plus spermiogenesis
2) The transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa
Urination: What two things affect the filtration coefficient?
1) The surface area available for filtration
2) Permeability of the filtration membrane
Name 3 categories of transcellular fluids
1) Vitreous and aqueous humors of the eye
2) Cerebrospinal, synovial, peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial fluids
3) Bile and fluid in the digestive, urinary, and respiratory tracts
Name the two defecation reflexes and what they do. What are they both stimulated by?
1) Intrinsic defecation reflex: relatively weak
2) Parasympathetic: spinal reflex, causes peristalsis and relaxing of internal anal sphincter.
3) Both caused by stretching of the rectum
1) What part of the nervous system inhibits the stomach? What part stimulates it?
2) Name the 3 enzymes that digest disaccharides
3) What 2 nutrients are absorbed without the need for digestion?
1) Sympathetic inhibits, parasympathetic stimulates
2) Lactase, maltase, and sucrase
3) Vitamins and minerals
1) What are the most common colonic contractions (~ 2x an hour)
2) What are the 3 end products of lipid digestion?
3) Which muscles manipulate food and push it between teeth during mastication?
1) Haustral contractions
2) Two free fatty acids + monoglyceride
3) Buccinator and orbicularis oris
1) Name the 3 things that stimulate protein synthesis
2) Cholesterol is a major structural component of what?
3) What type of molecule is cholesterol?
4) Name 4 things cholesterol is a precursor of
1) Growth hormone, thyroid hormones, and insulin
2) Plasma membranes
3) A lipid
4) Estrogen, bile acids, testosterone, and vitamin D
1) The part of the antigen that is recognized by the immune system is the __________
2) What is the only essential function of the stomach?
1) Epitope or antigenic determinant
2) Produce intrinsic factor
1) Sex-linked disorders; are they usually recessive?
2) Sickle cell is incomplete dominance; which is sickle cell trait? Which is sickle cell anemia?
1) Yes
2) Sickle cell trait is heterozygous, sickle cell anemia is homozygous recessive
1) Why are proteases secreted in inactive form?
2) List the 4 layers of the digestive tract from superficial to deep
3) What parasympathetic nerve is primarily involved in digestion?
1) Because they would digest any protein including other enzymes
2) Serosa, muscularis externa, submucosa, mucosa
3) Vagus
1) What two things do both CCK and secretin target?
2) Once trypsin is activated by enteropeptidase, what does it activate?
1) Pancreas and stomach
2) Trypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase, and chymotrypsinogen
List the 4 steps of fat digestion in order
1) Triglycerides emulsified by bile
2) Triglycerides digested by lipase, lipids taken up by micelles
3) Absorb lipids from micelles and resynthesize triglycerides in smooth ER
4) Golgi coats with protein (chylomicron) then exocytosis into lacteals
1) What vitamin made by gut bacteria do you need for blood clotting?
2) What is the purpose of the intestinal brush border enzymes?
1) K
2) Make nutrients small enough to be absorbed
1) Angiotensin stimulates the release of what two hormones?
2) What is the fastest buffer system?
1) Aldosterone and ADH
2) Chemical buffer system
1) Most areas of the GI tract are lined with what?
2) What cell type helps promote B12 absorption? By secreting what?
3) What is secreted in response to acidic chyme of stomach?
1) Simple columnar epithelium
2) Parietal cells; inhibin
3) Secretin
1) Lack of microvilli in small intestine can cause what two things?
2) What 4 things can be made from carbohydrates?
3) True or false: some triglycerides are hormones
1) Malnutrition and dehydration
2) Glycoproteins, nucleic acids, glycolipids, ATP
3) True
1) Name the 3 functions of minerals
2) Micturition occurs when the __________ contracts
1) Bones and teeth, phospholipid bilayer, phosphate buffer system
2) Detrusor
1) Sodium is normal in filtrate, but is almost immediately removed by what?
2) What increase water absorption without increasing sodium absorption?
3) Name the 2 buffers of ICF
1) The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
2) ADH
3) Phosphate and protein
1) What type of gastric cells secrete digestive enzymes?
2) What is the purpose of the ridges of the stomach?
3) Where does iron bind to in an RBC?
1) Chief cells
2) Allows for expansion when full of food
3) Center of heme pigment
1) When does atrial systole occur on an EKG?
2) As venous return increases, what increases? (according to Frank-Starling law)
1) Right after P wave
2) Stroke volume increases
1) What is the counter measure to hypercapnia (high CO2) regarding heart rate?
2) What two things use simple diffusion in capillary exchange?
1) Increase heart rate to increase perfusion
2) Lipid-soluble and non-polar substances
1) Which end of a capillary reabsorbs and which end filters?
2) Name a consequence of edema
1) Venous end (distal) reabsorbs, and the arterial end (proximal) filters
2) Tissue necrosis
1) What are the 3 types of low venous return?
2) What do interferons work best against?
3) What do complement proteins work best against?
1) Venous pooling (vascular) shock, hypovolemic shock, obstructed venous return
2) Interferons: viruses
3) Complement proteins: bacteria
1) What type of cell is most of the respiratory system lined with?
2) Do the pulmonary arteries carry blood to or from the lungs? Are they blue or red?
2) Increasing the thickness of the respiratory membrane does what to pH and O2?
1) Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
2) To the lungs; blue
3) Decreases both pH and O2 level in blood
