Lab 9 (Chapter 25)

Question 1

List the 3 parts of the small intestine and describe their locations

Answer 1

1) Duodenum: upper part of the small intestine, wraps around the pancreas
2) Jejunum: the middle section of the small intestine
3) Ilium: the bottom section of the small intestine

Question 2

1) What is the right side of the large intestine called?
2) What is the left side of the large intestine called?
3) What is the horizontal upper section of the large intestine called?

Answer 2

1) Right side: Ascending colon
2) Left side: Descending colon
3) Upper section: Transverse colon

Question 3

1) What is the curve between the ascending colon and transverse colon called?
2) What is the curve between the colon and descending colon called?

Answer 3

1) Ascending and transverse: Hepatic (right colic) flexure
2) Transverse and descending: Splenic (left colic) flexure

Question 3

1) What is the curve between the ascending colon and transverse colon called?
2) What is the curve between the colon and descending colon called?
3) What is the area between the descending colon and rectum called?

Answer 3

1) Ascending and transverse: Hepatic (right colic) flexure
2) Transverse and descending: Splenic (left colic) flexure
3) Descending and rectum: Sigmoid colon

Question 4

What is another name for lips?

Answer 4

Labia

Question 5

What is the name for the space between the lips and teeth?

Answer 5

Vestibule

Question 6

What are the rugae of the stomach?

Answer 6

Folds of the inner lining of the stomach

Question 7

What are the circular folds (aka plicae circulares) of the small intestine?

Answer 7

The folds on the inner lining of the small intestine

Question 8

Define the teniae coli of the large intestine

Answer 8

The line that runs down the exterior of the large intestine

Question 9

What is the cecum?

Answer 9

The compartment on the lower side of the large intestine; above the appendix and below ascending colon

Question 10

Where is the vermiform appendix?

Answer 10

Below the cecum of the large intestine

Question 11

What does the gallbladder look like on most models?

Answer 11

A green, small sac

Question 12

1) Describe the parotid salivary glands
2) Describe the submandibular salivary glands
3) Describe the sublingual glands

Answer 12

1) Parotid: yellow, external gland below and in front of the ear; opening of the ducts is in the cheeks
2) Submandibular: yellow, external gland below the mandible
3) Sublingual glands: under the tongue

Question 13

1) Where are the palatine tonsils?
2) Where are the lingual tonsils?
3) Where is the oropharynx?

Answer 13

1) In the oropharynx just posterior to the oral cavity
2) At the base of the tongue (looks attached to the tongue)
3) Around and below the palatine tonsil

Question 14

1) Where is the epiglottis?
2) Where is the laryngopharynx?
3) Where is the trachea?
4) Where is the esophagus?

Answer 14

1) It sticks out below the palatine tonsil
2) It’s inferior to the epiglottis
3) It’s in front of the esophagus
4) It’s behind the trachea

Question 15

1) Where is the esophagus on the stomach model?
2) Where is the cardiac sphincter on the stomach model?
3) Where is the cardiac region of the stomach?

Answer 15

1) Above the cardiac sphincter
2) At the top entry to the stomach below the esophagus
3) Around the cardiac sphincter

Question 16

1) Where is the fundus of the stomach?
2) Differentiate between the lesser and greater curvature of the stomach

Answer 16

1) It’s the upper apex region of the stomach
2) The lesser curvature is the inner (medial) curve, the greater curvature is the outer (lateral) curve

Question 17

1) What is the pyloric region of the stomach/
2) Where is the pyloric sphincter of the stomach?

Answer 17

1) The area near the pyloric sphincter
2) The sphincter that controls the bottom exit of the stomach

Question 18

1) How can you differentiate between the right and left lobes of the liver?
2) What is the falciform ligament?

Answer 18

1) The right side is larger and contains the gallbladder, the left side is smaller
2) The falciform ligament is a vertical grey line between the left and right lobes

Question 19

1) What does the hepatic portal vein on the liver look like?
2) What does the inferior vena cava on the liver look like?
3) What does the hepatic artery on the liver look like?
4) What does the hepatic vein on the liver look like?

Answer 19

1) A large purple tube
2) A large blue tube
3) A large-ish red tube
4) Blue smaller tubes

Question 20

Where is the spleen?

Answer 20

Attached to the upper left portion of the pancreas

Question 21

1) Where is the cystic duct?
2) Where are the left and right hepatic ducts?
3) Where is the common hepatic duct?
4) Where is the bile duct?

Answer 21

1) The first duct off of the gallbladder
2) Superior to gallbladder, the left and right hepatic ducts combine at the common hepatic duct
3) The common hepatic duct is where the left and right hepatic ducts merge
4) The bile duct is where the cystic duct and common hepatic duct merge

Question 22

What does the main pancreatic duct look like? Where does it lead into?

Answer 22

A tan-colored tube that feeds into the small intestine

Question 23

What is the primary purpose of the digestive system?

Answer 23

To break down food into molecules small enough to pass through the plasma membrane of the cells lining the GI tract

Question 24

1) Define digestion
2) Define absorption

Answer 24

1) Digestion: The breakdown of food
2) Absorption: The movement of the molecules through the wall of the GI tract to enter either the blood capillaries or lymphatic capillaries (lacteals)

Question 25

When molecules leave the GI tract, they then enter which two locations?

Answer 25

1) Some enter the blood capillaries
2) Others enter the lymphatic capillaries (lacteals)

Question 26

What are the two anatomical categories of the digestive system?

Answer 26

1) Digestive tract
2) Accessory organs

Question 27

Give 4 examples of accessory digestive organs that produce secretions

Answer 27

1) Liver
2) Gallbladder
3) Pancreas
4) Salivary glands

Question 28

What are the 4 layers of tissues that make up most of the GI tract? (list them from inner to outer)

Answer 28

1) Mucosa
2) Submucosa
3) Muscularis externa
4) Serosa (visceral peritoneum)

Question 29

Describe the mucosa layer of tissue of the GI tract:
1) How deep is this layer?
2) What type of epithelium is it usually made of, and how often is it replaced?
3) In areas of high abrasion (ex: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal), what type of epithelium is the mucosa made of?

Answer 29

1) The mucosa is the innermost layer
2) It’s usually simple columnar epithelium, which is replaced every 5-7 days.
3) Stratified squamous epithelium (similar to epidermis) in areas of high abrasion

Question 30

1) How deep is the submucosa tissue layer of the GI tract?
2) What kind of tissue is it?
3) What does the submucosa contain?

Answer 30

1) It’s the second deepest layer
2) It’s a connective tissue layer
3) It contains blood vessels, glands, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

Question 31

1) How deep is the muscularis externa tissue layer of the GI tract?
2) What is the muscularis externa composed of and what does it do? Why?
3) When is the circular muscle of this layer thickened?

Answer 31

1) It’s the second most superficial layer
2) It’s composed of two layers of smooth muscle that produce waves of contraction called peristalsis to propel food through the GI tract
3) In certain areas the circular muscle is thickened to form valves called sphincters that regulate the passage of material

Question 32

1) What is the serosa tissue layer of the GI tract also called?
2) In areas without a serosa, what is the outer layer called?
3) Give an example of an area without serosa

Answer 32

1) Serosa is a thin outer layer also called the visceral peritoneum
2) In areas without serosa the outer layer is called adventitia
3) The esophagus lacks a serosa
3)

Question 33

1) The wall of the abdominal cavity is lined with a serous membrane called the __________ _______
2) Give 3 examples of digestive organs that are considered retroperitoneal

Answer 33

1) parietal peritoneum
2) The duodenum, most of the pancreas, and parts of the large intestine

Question 34

Give 2 examples of extensions of the peritoneum

Answer 34

1) Greater omentum
2) Mesentary

Question 35

1) Define greater omentum
2) Define mesentery
3) What do these two things have in common?

Answer 35

1) Greater omentum: a membranous ‘apron’ attached to the greater curvature of the stomach that covers the intestines. It contains a large quantity of lymph nodes and fat.
2) Mesentery: A membrane that loosely holds the small intestine to the posterior wall
3) They’re both extensions of the peritoneum that help hold the organs loosely in place

Question 36

What bones make up the hard palate?

Answer 36

Two maxillae bones and two palatine bones

Question 37

1) List the 3 glands that produce saliva for the oral cavity
2) Describe the primary purpose of the oral cavity.

Answer 37

1) Parotid glands, submandibular glands, and sublingual glands
2) The primary function of the oral cavity is mastication (chewing), mixing food with saliva, and forming a bolus for swallowing. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase which starts starch digestion

Question 38

1) Define mastication
2) What does the enzyme amylase in saliva do?

Answer 38

1) Chewing
2) Starts starch digestion

Question 39

1) What are the two regions of the pharynx used by the digestive system?
2) What two things close off the nasopharynx during swallowing?
3) What digestive process occurs in the pharynx?
4) What structure folds down to close off the opening to the larynx during swallowing?

Answer 39

1) The regions of the pharynx used by the digestive system are oropharynx and laryngeal pharynx.
2) The soft palate and the uvula
3) Deglutition (swallowing): uses the coordination of several structures to ensure food passes into the esophagus and not into the larynx or up into the nasopharynx.
4) Epiglottis

Question 40

1) The esophagus travels through a hole in the diaphragm called the _______ and joins the stomach.
2) What are the two sphincters found on this tube?

Answer 40

1) hiatus
2) At the top there’s the upper esophageal sphincter, at the bottom there’s the lower esophageal sphincter (aka cardiac sphincter).

Question 41

1) If the lower esophageal sphincter is malfunctioning, what disorder is produced?
2) A bolus is pushed down to the stomach by muscular contractions called ________

Answer 41

1) Acid reflux (GERD)
2) Peristalsis

Question 42

1) List the 4 regions of the stomach
2) List the 2 sphincters of the stomach
3) The mucosa of the stomach has many folds called _____ to allow room for expansion

Answer 42

1) Cardiac region, fundic region, body, and pyloric region
2) The lower esophageal (aka cardiac) sphincter and the pyloric sphincter
3) rugae

Question 43

1) The ________ is the only digestive organ with three layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa.
2) Why?

Answer 43

1) stomach
2) To allow the stomach to produce waves (peristalsis) that help mix gastric juices with food

Question 44

1) The stomach secretes what acid?
2) What two enzymes are secreted by the stomach?
3) The bolus that was swallowed is called _________ (liquid) in the stomach

Answer 44

1) Hydrochloric acid
2) Pepsin and gastric lipase
3) Chyme

Question 45

1) The duodenum of the small intestine is the first ____ inches.
2) The secretions of what 3 organs enter at the duodenum?

Answer 45

1) 10 inches
2) Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Question 46

1) The jejunum makes up the middle ____% of the small intestine.
2) The ileum makes up the last ____% of the small intestine.
3) At the end of the ileum, the _________ valve regulates the passage of material into the large intestine.

Answer 46

1) 40%
2) 60%
3) Ileocecal

Question 47

What do the circular folds (plicae circulares) of the small intestine do? Why?

Answer 47

1) They increase the surface area of the intestine for absorption, as well as spiraling food through the intestine.
2) This serves to slow down the movement of food, increasing time for digestion and absorption

Question 48

1) What are the 4 regions of the large intestine?
2) Where does the small intestine enter the large intestine? Describe this region.
3) What does the appendix contain?

Answer 48

1) Cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal
2) The small intestine enters the large intestine at the cecum. This is a blind pouch that has the appendix attached
3) Contains lymphatic tissue, including lymphocytes

Question 49

1) What are the 4 regions of the colon?
2) Define teniae coli.
3) What do the teniae coli form?

Answer 49

1) Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon
2) The three thick bands formed by the colon’s longitudinal muscle layer
3) Pouches called haustra

Question 50

1) What does the rectum do?
2) What two sphincters does the anal canal contain?

Answer 50

1) The rectum temporarily stores feces until it’s eliminated (defecation) via the anus
2) The internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter

Question 51

1) Which anal sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle?
2) What nerve innervates that sphincter?
3) What sphincter is composed of smooth muscle?

Answer 51

1) External anal sphincter
2) Pudendal nerve
3) Internal anal sphincter

Question 52

1) What is the primary function of the large intestine?
2) What is the main substance that’s absorbed by the large intestine?
3) Where does most water absorption occur?

Answer 52

1) Absorption and elimination of feces
2) Water is the main substance absorbed by the large intestine.
3) In the small intestine

Question 53

1) The only chemical digestion in the large intestine is performed by what?
2) What results from this chemical digestion?

Answer 53

1) By the resident bacteria
2) Vitamins are produced by the bacteria (vitamin K and some vitamin Bs) are absorbed and used by our bodies

Question 54

1) What is produced by the pancreas?
2) What two ducts connect the pancreas to the duodenum?

Answer 54

1) A variety of enzymes (trypsin, amylase, lipase, etc) as well as sodium bicarbonate to neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach
2) Main pancreatic duct and accessory pancreatic duct

Question 55

The main pancreatic duct joins the bile duct to form what?

Answer 55

The hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 56

1) The primary function of the liver in the digestive system is to produce what?
2) Where is bile concentrated and stored?

Answer 56

1) Bile
2) The gallbladder

Question 57

List the flow of food from the oral cavity to the external anal sphincter (19 steps)

Answer 57

1) Oral cavity (salivary glands)
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngopharynx
4) Upper esophageal sphincter
5) Esophagus
6) Cardiac/ lower esophageal sphincter
7) Stomach
8) Pyloric sphincter
9) Duodenum (pancreas, liver, gallbladder)
10) Jejunum
11) Ileum
12) Ileocecal sphincter
13) Cecum
14) Ascending colon
15) Transverse colon
16) Descending colon
17) Sigmoid colon
18) Rectum
19) Anal canal with internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter

Question 58

1) What does hydrochloric acid produced by the stomach wall do?
2) What does pepsin produced by the stomach wall do?

Answer 58

1) HCl: Denatures proteins, kills bacteria, and activates pepsin
2) Pepsin: enzyme that breaks down proteins