Lab 5 (Chapter 17) Flashcards
Describe the location and appearance of the pancreas
A long skinny gland between the kidneys that’s almost entirely orange on the model
Describe the location and appearance of the thyroid gland
A tall, skinny gland in the neck
Describe the location and appearance of the parathyroid
Four small, tiny purple dots (on the model) on the back of the thyroid gland in the neck
Describe the location and appearance of the adrenal gland
On top of the kidneys
Describe the location and appearance of the pituitary gland (also list anterior and posterior colors)
The anterior pituitary gland is green on the model, the posterior pituitary is yellow. Shaped like a sack and located inferior to the hypothalamus in the brain.
Describe appearance of the testis on the model
Oval-shaped
Describe the location and appearance of the ovaries
A bump-shape superior and lateral to the uterus
What are the 6 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary? (use the acronym)
1) Tropic: FLAT:
-FSH
-LH
-ACTH
-TSH
2) Non-tropic: PiG:
-PRL
-GH
What are the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary?
1) Oxytocin (OT)
2) ADH
What two things are released by the thyroid gland? State what cells of the gland they’re released by.
1) Thyroid hormone (T3 & T4) are released by follicle cells
2) Calcitonin is released by parafollicular cells
What is produced by the parathyroid?
PTH
What 3 things are made by the adrenal cortex?
1) Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
2) Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
3) Androgens (sex steroids/ gonadocorticoids)
What two things are produced by the adrenal medulla?
1) Epinephrine
2) Norepinephrine
Is the pancreas endocrine or exocrine? If both, give percentages.
Both endocrine and exocrine; 1% endocrine and 99% exocrine
What is the neuroendocrine gland?
Hypothalamus
What two things are made by the pancreas?
1) Glucagon
2) Insulin
What is the endocrine/ hormone-producing part of the pancreas called?
The islets of Langerhans
What is secreted by the ovaries, and what is secreted by the testes?
1) Ovaries: estrogens and progesterone
2) Testes: secrete primarily testosterone
What does the thymus gland do?
Secretes a number of hormones (thymosin, thymopoietin, thymic factor) that are involved in the maturation of T-lymphocyte cells
What is secreted by the pineal gland?
Melatonin
What is the main mineralocorticoid and what is the main glucocorticoid? Where are they produced?
1) Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid
2) Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid
3) They’re produced by the adrenal cortex
The nerves are generally located in the _________ pituitary, whereas the veins are typically located in the ________ pituitary.
posterior; anterior
What structure in a neuron’s soma produces the hormones?
Nissl bodies (rough ER of the nervous system)
Where are hormones stored after being produced in the cell body?
In the axon terminals
What stimulates the release of hormones kept in the axon terminal of a neuron?
Action potential
Where are the somas of the neurons located in the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract?
Hypothalamus
What part of the neuron is found in the connection (infundibulum) between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?
Axon
What is the connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland called?
The hypothalamo-hypophysial tract
Once a hormone is released from the pituitary gland, where does it go?
It gets picked up by the blood capillaries to enter the blood stream
Define a portal system
When blood flows from one capillary bed to a second capillary bed through a vein
Where is the first set of capillaries (primary capillaries) in the hypophysial portal system located?
In hypothalamus
Where is the second set of capillaries in the hypophysial portal system located?
In anterior pituitary
Give an example of a portal system besides the hypophysial portal system
Hepatic portal system
What is the target gland of ACTH, and what 3 hormones are then released by that gland?
1) Adrenal cortex
2) Aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens
What is the target gland of TSH, and what hormone is then released by that gland?
1) Thyroid
2) T3 and T4 (thyroid hormone)
What is the target gland of FSH and LH, and what 3 hormones are then released by that gland?
1) Ovaries/testes
2) Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone
Describe diabetes insipidus (name the gland involved, hormone involved, and key signs)
1) Hypothalamus is involved
2) ADH hyposecretion
3) Excessive thirst and urination, dehydration, high blood sodium and osmolarity, high output, and low specific gravity
Describe acromegaly (name the gland involved, hormone involved, and key signs)
1) Anterior pituitary is involved
2) GH hypersecretion
3) Abnormal growth of hands, feet, face, and fingers/ toes; rectangular face and lower jaw.
What is acromegaly called in kids and how does it differ from in adults?
1) Gigantism
2) It causes kids to grow taller, not just certain body parts
Describe diabetes mellitus (name the gland involved, hormone involved, and key signs)
1) Pancreas involved
2) Insulin hyposecretion
3) Ulcers and poor wound healing, polyurea, polydipsia, polyphagia. High blood glucose; glucose and ketones present in urine
Describe Addison’s disease (name the gland involved, hormone involved, and key signs)
1) Adrenal cortex is involved
2) Aldosterone and cortisol hyposecretion
3) High potassium in blood; low potassium and high sodium in urine. Abnormal melanation, low BP and high pulse
Describe Grave’s disease (name the gland involved, hormone involved, and key signs)
1) Thyroid gland
2) Hypersecretion of TH
3) Eye produsion (exophthalmos), goiter, irritability, high body temp, weight loss
What would happen if your parathyroid glands suddenly disappeared?
You’d no longer secrete PTH, which increases levels of calcium in the blood, so you’d experience tetany and respiratory paralysis
What symptom of diabetes mellitus is NOT a symptom of diabetes insipidus?
Polyphagia
What does aldosterone do?
Increase reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium
What does cortisol do?
Increases blood glucose
What hormone triggers the release of cortisol?
ACTH
What is abnormal in a blood sample of someone with diabetes insipidus? What about the blood sample of someone with diabetes mellitus?
Diabetes insipidus blood: High sodium, high osmolarity
Diabetes mellitus blood: High glucose
What is abnormal in a urine sample of someone with diabetes insipidus? What about the urine sample of someone with diabetes mellitus?
Diabetes insipidus urine: Low specific gravity
Diabetes mellitus urine: Ketones and glucose are present
If a patient had hypersecretion from the adrenal cortex, what type of symptoms might you expect? What is the name of this disorder?
1) Symptoms: high sodium, low potassium, high BP, high glucose
2) Cushing’s disease (the exact opposite of Addison’s disease)
What is the most common type of diabetes mellitus?
Type II
Describe ADH (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its target and action?)
1) Produced by hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary
2) High blood osmolarity and sodium. Blood is concentrated; dehydration, low BP.
3) Stimulates reabsorption of water in the kidneys
Describe TH (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its action?)
1) Thyroid
2) Release stimulated by the hormone TSH
3) Increases body’s metabolic rate
Describe PTH (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its target and action?)
1) Parathyroid gland
2) Released due to low blood calcium
3) Raises blood calcium by stimulated bone resorption, reducing calcium excretion, and enhancing calcitriol synthesis
Describe insulin (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its target and action?)
1) Pancreas
2) Released due to high blood glucose
3) Lowers blood glucose; promotes glycogenesis and lipogenesis
Describe GH (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its target and action?)
1) Anterior pituitary
2) It’s released in high amounts in childhood and adolescence for growth; in adults it helps direct target organs to use consumed nutrients
3) Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation (promoting tissue growth especially in bone, cartilage, and muscles in children)
Describe aldosterone (the main mineralocorticoid) (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its target and action?)
1) Adrenal cortex
2) Released due to low blood sodium or high blood potassium; low blood pressure
3) Promotes sodium and water reabsorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys
Describe cortisol (main glucocorticoid) (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its target and action?)
1) Adrenal cortex
2) Release stimulated by the hormone ACTH
3) Increases blood glucose, simulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, stress resistance, and tissue repair
What will happen every time a water-soluble protein hits a receptor?
The G protein inside the cell below the receptor uses GTP (energy) to carry out/ set off the internal processes
