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Anatomy and Physiology II > Lab 5 (Chapter 17) > Flashcards

Lab 5 (Chapter 17) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the location and appearance of the pancreas

A

A long skinny gland between the kidneys that’s almost entirely orange on the model

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2
Q

Describe the location and appearance of the thyroid gland

A

A tall, skinny gland in the neck

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3
Q

Describe the location and appearance of the parathyroid

A

Four small, tiny purple dots (on the model) on the back of the thyroid gland in the neck

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4
Q

Describe the location and appearance of the adrenal gland

A

On top of the kidneys

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5
Q

Describe the location and appearance of the pituitary gland (also list anterior and posterior colors)

A

The anterior pituitary gland is green on the model, the posterior pituitary is yellow. Shaped like a sack and located inferior to the hypothalamus in the brain.

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6
Q

Describe appearance of the testis on the model

A

Oval-shaped

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7
Q

Describe the location and appearance of the ovaries

A

A bump-shape superior and lateral to the uterus

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8
Q

What are the 6 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary? (use the acronym)

A

1) Tropic: FLAT:
-FSH
-LH
-ACTH
-TSH
2) Non-tropic: PiG:
-PRL
-GH

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9
Q

What are the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary?

A

1) Oxytocin (OT)
2) ADH

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10
Q

What two things are released by the thyroid gland? State what cells of the gland they’re released by.

A

1) Thyroid hormone (T3 & T4) are released by follicle cells
2) Calcitonin is released by parafollicular cells

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11
Q

What is produced by the parathyroid?

A

PTH

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12
Q

What 3 things are made by the adrenal cortex?

A

1) Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
2) Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
3) Androgens (sex steroids/ gonadocorticoids)

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13
Q

What two things are produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

1) Epinephrine
2) Norepinephrine

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14
Q

Is the pancreas endocrine or exocrine? If both, give percentages.

A

Both endocrine and exocrine; 1% endocrine and 99% exocrine

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15
Q

What is the neuroendocrine gland?

A

Hypothalamus

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16
Q

What two things are made by the pancreas?

A

1) Glucagon
2) Insulin

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17
Q

What is the endocrine/ hormone-producing part of the pancreas called?

A

The islets of Langerhans

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18
Q

What is secreted by the ovaries, and what is secreted by the testes?

A

1) Ovaries: estrogens and progesterone
2) Testes: secrete primarily testosterone

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19
Q

What does the thymus gland do?

A

Secretes a number of hormones (thymosin, thymopoietin, thymic factor) that are involved in the maturation of T-lymphocyte cells

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20
Q

What is secreted by the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin

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21
Q

What is the main mineralocorticoid and what is the main glucocorticoid? Where are they produced?

A

1) Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoid
2) Cortisol is the main glucocorticoid
3) They’re produced by the adrenal cortex

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22
Q

The nerves are generally located in the _________ pituitary, whereas the veins are typically located in the ________ pituitary.

A

posterior; anterior

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23
Q

What structure in a neuron’s soma produces the hormones?

A

Nissl bodies (rough ER of the nervous system)

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24
Q

Where are hormones stored after being produced in the cell body?

A

In the axon terminals

25
Q

What stimulates the release of hormones kept in the axon terminal of a neuron?

A

Action potential

26
Q

Where are the somas of the neurons located in the hypothalamo-hypophysial tract?

A

Hypothalamus

27
Q

What part of the neuron is found in the connection (infundibulum) between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary?

A

Axon

28
Q

What is the connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland called?

A

The hypothalamo-hypophysial tract

29
Q

Once a hormone is released from the pituitary gland, where does it go?

A

It gets picked up by the blood capillaries to enter the blood stream

30
Q

Define a portal system

A

When blood flows from one capillary bed to a second capillary bed through a vein

31
Q

Where is the first set of capillaries (primary capillaries) in the hypophysial portal system located?

A

In hypothalamus

32
Q

Where is the second set of capillaries in the hypophysial portal system located?

A

In anterior pituitary

33
Q

Give an example of a portal system besides the hypophysial portal system

A

Hepatic portal system

34
Q

What is the target gland of ACTH, and what 3 hormones are then released by that gland?

A

1) Adrenal cortex
2) Aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens

35
Q

What is the target gland of TSH, and what hormone is then released by that gland?

A

1) Thyroid
2) T3 and T4 (thyroid hormone)

36
Q

What is the target gland of FSH and LH, and what 3 hormones are then released by that gland?

A

1) Ovaries/testes
2) Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

37
Q

Describe diabetes insipidus (name the gland involved, hormone involved, and key signs)

A

1) Hypothalamus is involved
2) ADH hyposecretion
3) Excessive thirst and urination, dehydration, high blood sodium and osmolarity, high output, and low specific gravity

38
Q

Describe acromegaly (name the gland involved, hormone involved, and key signs)

A

1) Anterior pituitary is involved
2) GH hypersecretion
3) Abnormal growth of hands, feet, face, and fingers/ toes; rectangular face and lower jaw.

39
Q

What is acromegaly called in kids and how does it differ from in adults?

A

1) Gigantism
2) It causes kids to grow taller, not just certain body parts

40
Q

Describe diabetes mellitus (name the gland involved, hormone involved, and key signs)

A

1) Pancreas involved
2) Insulin hyposecretion
3) Ulcers and poor wound healing, polyurea, polydipsia, polyphagia. High blood glucose; glucose and ketones present in urine

41
Q

Describe Addison’s disease (name the gland involved, hormone involved, and key signs)

A

1) Adrenal cortex is involved
2) Aldosterone and cortisol hyposecretion
3) High potassium in blood; low potassium and high sodium in urine. Abnormal melanation, low BP and high pulse

42
Q

Describe Grave’s disease (name the gland involved, hormone involved, and key signs)

A

1) Thyroid gland
2) Hypersecretion of TH
3) Eye produsion (exophthalmos), goiter, irritability, high body temp, weight loss

43
Q

What would happen if your parathyroid glands suddenly disappeared?

A

You’d no longer secrete PTH, which increases levels of calcium in the blood, so you’d experience tetany and respiratory paralysis

44
Q

What symptom of diabetes mellitus is NOT a symptom of diabetes insipidus?

A

Polyphagia

45
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Increase reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium

46
Q

What does cortisol do?

A

Increases blood glucose

47
Q

What hormone triggers the release of cortisol?

A

ACTH

48
Q

What is abnormal in a blood sample of someone with diabetes insipidus? What about the blood sample of someone with diabetes mellitus?

A

Diabetes insipidus blood: High sodium, high osmolarity
Diabetes mellitus blood: High glucose

49
Q

What is abnormal in a urine sample of someone with diabetes insipidus? What about the urine sample of someone with diabetes mellitus?

A

Diabetes insipidus urine: Low specific gravity
Diabetes mellitus urine: Ketones and glucose are present

50
Q

If a patient had hypersecretion from the adrenal cortex, what type of symptoms might you expect? What is the name of this disorder?

A

1) Symptoms: high sodium, low potassium, high BP, high glucose
2) Cushing’s disease (the exact opposite of Addison’s disease)

51
Q

What is the most common type of diabetes mellitus?

A

Type II

52
Q

Describe ADH (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its target and action?)

A

1) Produced by hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary
2) High blood osmolarity and sodium. Blood is concentrated; dehydration, low BP.
3) Stimulates reabsorption of water in the kidneys

53
Q

Describe TH (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its action?)

A

1) Thyroid
2) Release stimulated by the hormone TSH
3) Increases body’s metabolic rate

54
Q

Describe PTH (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its target and action?)

A

1) Parathyroid gland
2) Released due to low blood calcium
3) Raises blood calcium by stimulated bone resorption, reducing calcium excretion, and enhancing calcitriol synthesis

55
Q

Describe insulin (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its target and action?)

A

1) Pancreas
2) Released due to high blood glucose
3) Lowers blood glucose; promotes glycogenesis and lipogenesis

56
Q

Describe GH (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its target and action?)

A

1) Anterior pituitary
2) It’s released in high amounts in childhood and adolescence for growth; in adults it helps direct target organs to use consumed nutrients
3) Stimulates mitosis and cellular differentiation (promoting tissue growth especially in bone, cartilage, and muscles in children)

57
Q

Describe aldosterone (the main mineralocorticoid) (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its target and action?)

A

1) Adrenal cortex
2) Released due to low blood sodium or high blood potassium; low blood pressure
3) Promotes sodium and water reabsorption and potassium secretion in the kidneys

58
Q

Describe cortisol (main glucocorticoid) (what is it produced by, what is its stimulus for release, and what is its target and action?)

A

1) Adrenal cortex
2) Release stimulated by the hormone ACTH
3) Increases blood glucose, simulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, stress resistance, and tissue repair

59
Q

What will happen every time a water-soluble protein hits a receptor?

A

The G protein inside the cell below the receptor uses GTP (energy) to carry out/ set off the internal processes

Anatomy and Physiology II (40 decks)

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