Lab 7 (Chapter 23)

Question 1

Define the cortex

Answer 1

The outer, lighter area of the kidney

Question 2

Define the medulla

Answer 2

The pyramid-shaped inner areas of the kidney

Question 3

Define the papillae

Answer 3

The very tip of the medullary pyramid

Question 4

Define renal artery

Answer 4

Big red vessel

Question 5

Define segmental artery

Answer 5

The first branches off the renal artery

Question 6

Define interlobar artery

Answer 6

The artery that wraps the pyramid’s sides; off of the arcuate artery

Question 7

Define arcuate artery

Answer 7

Artery that wraps between the cortex and medulla

Question 8

Define cortical radiate artery

Answer 8

Tiny arteries between the renal corpsucles

Question 9

Define afferent arteriole

Answer 9

The bigger arteriole that enters the corpuscle

Question 10

Define efferent arteriole

Answer 10

The smaller arteriole that leaves the corpsucle

Question 11

List the functions of the urinary system (4)

Answer 11

1) Removing waste products such as urea and ammonia from blood
2) Regulating fluid volume
3) Regulating acid-base balance
4) Regulating electrolyte balance of blood

Question 12

What 6 things are a part of the urinary system?

Answer 12

1&2) Paired kidneys
3&4) Paired ureters
5) Urinary bladder
6) Urethra

Question 13

1) Where are the kidneys located? Explain retroperitoneal.
2) Which kidney is lower? Why?

Answer 13

1) They’re in the posterior abdominal wall; they’re retroperitoneal which means they’re behind the peritoneum
2) The right kidney is slightly lower than the left because of the liver above it

Question 14

1) What does the renal capsule do?
2) What does the adipose capsule do?

Answer 14

1) The renal capsule is fibrous and protects against infection
2) The adipose capsule helps cushion and hold the kidney in place

Question 15

What two capsules surround the kidney?

Answer 15

Renal capsule and adipose capsule

Question 16

1) What is nephroptosis?
2) What can cause nephroptosis?
3) How does nephroptosis affect urine flow?

Answer 16

1) When the kidney drops down too low or even becomes detached from the wall
2) Anorexia and depletion of the adipose capsule surrounding the kidney
3) It stops urine flow from ureters (like stepping on a hose)

Question 17

On the medial side of each kidney is the ______ where the renal artery and vein, the ureter, nerves, and lymphatic vessels enter and leave the kidney.

Answer 17

hilum

Question 18

How does urine move down to the urinary bladder?

Answer 18

Through peristalsis, gravity, and hydrostatic pressure

Question 19

What are the 3 layers of tissue that make up the bladder? Where are they located?

Answer 19

1) Outer layer:
a) Peritoneum: only on top of the bladder, outer layer
b) Adventitia: only on the sides of the bladder, outer layer
2) Detrusor muscle: made up of three layers of smooth muscle; middle layer
3) Mucosa: made of transitional epithelium; inner layer

Question 20

What does the detrusor muscle do?

Answer 20

Activation of the detrusor muscle will contract the urinary bladder, expelling urine

Question 21

What two types of tissue make up the outer layer of the urinary bladder?

Answer 21

Peritoneum and adventitia

Question 22

1) What type of tissue makes up the bladder’s mucosa layer?
2) When are rugae seen?

Answer 22

1) Transitional epithelium
2) When the bladder is empty

Question 23

The triangular area on the floor of the bladder consisting o the two posterior openings of the ureters and the anterior urethral opening is called what?

Answer 23

The trigone

Question 24

Why is the trigone of the bladder clinically important?

Answer 24

Bladder infections usually begin and persist in this area

Question 25

1) How long is the female urethra? Male urethra?
2) Are male or female urethras used for both the reproductive and urinary systems?

Answer 25

1) Female urethra is 1.5 inches, male urethra is 8 inches
2) Male urethras are used in both systems

Question 26

What are the 3 regions of the male urethra?

Answer 26

1) Prostatic urethra: runs through prostate gland
2) Membranous urethra: the section that passes through the urogenital diaphragm
3) Spongy (penile) urethra

Question 27

1) How many urethral sphincters are there?
2) What do they do?

Answer 27

1) 2 sphincters in both males and females
2) They prevent urine from flowing

Question 28

Name and describe the locations of the two urethral sphincters

Answer 28

1) Internal urethral sphincter: made of smooth muscle, located at the opening of the urethra in the bladder wall
2) External urethral sphincter: made of skeletal muscle, located in the urogenital diaphragm

Question 29

1) What urethral sphincter do you have voluntary control over?
2) What nerve innervates this sphincter?

Answer 29

1) External urethral sphincter
2) Pudendal nerve

Question 30

What are the 3 basic regions of the kidney? List them from outer to inner regions

Answer 30

1) Renal cortex
2) Renal medulla
3) Renal sinus

Question 31

Describe the renal cortex

Answer 31

1) The outer layer of tissue; contains the renal corpuscles and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
2) The cortex extends down the columns of the medulla

Question 32

What 2 things make up the medulla region of the kidney?

Answer 32

1) Renal pyramids
2) Columns

Question 33

Describe the renal pyramids of the renal medulla

Answer 33

1) The pyramids contain the nephron loops and the collecting ducts.
2) The collecting ducts all converge, producing the cone-shaped appearance of the pyramids
3) At the tips of the pyramids are the papilla, which is where urine from collecting ducts drains into the renal sinus

Question 34

Describe the columns of the renal medulla

Answer 34

Contain the interlobar arteries and veins

Question 35

Describe the renal sinus

Answer 35

1) The area next to the hilum; contains all the urine-collecting structures including the calyces and pelvis, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
2) Adipose tissues fill up any remaining spaces

Question 36

Describe the flow of urine from the papilla to the ureter (5 steps)

Answer 36

1) Papilla
2) Minor calyces
3) Major calyces
4) Renal pelvis
5) Ureter

Question 37

List the flow of filtrate through the nephron starting in the glomerular capsule (5 steps)

Answer 37

1) Glomerular capsule
2) Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
3) Nephron loop
4) Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
5) Collecting duct

Question 38

What are the 3 physiological processes that occur in the nephron?

Answer 38

1) Filtration
2) Reabsorption
3) Secretion

Question 39

1) What is the functional unit of the urinary system?
2) How many are there in each kidney?
3) What changes about it from birth?

Answer 39

1) The nephron
2) About 1 million
3) The number of nephrons is consistent from birth; the relative size of the nephrons may increase

Question 40

1) Where is blood filtered and how many gallons of filtrate are produced per day?
2) What is not filtered into the glomerular capsule?

Answer 40

1) At the glomerulus and about 33-40 gallons of filtrate is produced per day
2) Everything is filtered into the glomerular capsule except RBCs and plasma proteins

Question 41

What does presence of blood or plasma proteins in urine indicate?

Answer 41

Damage at the glomerulus

Question 42

1) What happens to the majority of filtrate? Where does this happen?
2) What percentage of glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed?
3) What happens if the amount of glucose in filtrate is abnormally high?

Answer 42

1) Most filtrate is taken out of the tubules and put back into blood (either in the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta)
2) In a healthy person, 100% of glucose and amino acids are transported back into the blood from filtrate
3) Then transporters will not be able to transport all of it back into blood, and some will end up in urine

Question 43

Finding glucose in urine would indicate what disorder?

Answer 43

Diabetes mellitus

Question 44

Define secretion

Answer 44

Some substances that remained in the blood are actively transported into the nephronic tubules to be disposed of in urine

Question 45

1) What type of nephron is most common?
2) Where are these nephrons found? Do they have long or short loops?
3) What capillaries surround the tubules of this nephron?

Answer 45

1) 80-85% are cortical nephrons
2) They’re primarily found in the cortex of the kidney and have short nephron loops
3) The peritubular capillaries

Question 46

1) What type of nephron is least common?
2) Where are their nephron loops found? Do they have long or short loops?
3) What capillaries surround the tubules of this nephron?
4) What do these nephrons do?

Answer 46

1) 15-20% are juxtamedullary nephrons
2) They have long loops that extend deep into the medulla pyramids
3) Vasa recta capillaries
4) Concentrate urine

Question 47

1) Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus found?
2) What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do?
3) What are the two parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 47

1) Found where the afferent arteriole and ascending limb of the nephron loop or the beginning of the DCT touch.
2) Regulates blood pressure and filtration rate
3) The macula densa cells and the JG or granular cells

Question 48

Where are the two parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus found and what do they do?

Answer 48

1) Macula densa cells: Found on one side of the tubule; regulate by sensing NaCI levels
2) JG or granular cells: found in the wall of the afferent arteriole; regulate blood pressure by producing renin

Question 49

List the flow of fluid from the abdominal aorta to the urethra (20 steps)

Answer 49

1) Abdominal aorta
2) Renal artery
3) Segmental artery
4) Interlobar artery
5) Arcuate artery
6) Cortical radiate artery
7) Afferent arteriole
8) Glomerulus (filtration happens)
9) Glomerular capsule
10) PCT (reabsorption)
11) Nephron loop
12) DCT (secretion)
13) Collecting duct
14) Papillary duct
15) Minor calyx
16) Major calyx
17) Renal pelvis
18) Ureter
19) Urinary bladder
20) Urethra

Question 50

List the flow of blood starting at the efferent arteriole

Answer 50

1) Efferent arteriole
2) Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta
3) Cortical radiate vein
4) Arcuate vein
5) Interlobar vein
6) Renal vein
7) Inferior vena cava

Question 51

When does filtrate become urine?

Answer 51

As soon as it enters the papillary duct

Question 52

When does blood become filtrate?

Answer 52

As soon as it enters the glomerular capsule