Lab 7 (Chapter 23) Flashcards
Define the cortex
The outer, lighter area of the kidney
Define the medulla
The pyramid-shaped inner areas of the kidney
Define the papillae
The very tip of the medullary pyramid
Define renal artery
Big red vessel
Define segmental artery
The first branches off the renal artery
Define interlobar artery
The artery that wraps the pyramid’s sides; off of the arcuate artery
Define arcuate artery
Artery that wraps between the cortex and medulla
Define cortical radiate artery
Tiny arteries between the renal corpsucles
Define afferent arteriole
The bigger arteriole that enters the corpuscle
Define efferent arteriole
The smaller arteriole that leaves the corpsucle
List the functions of the urinary system (4)
1) Removing waste products such as urea and ammonia from blood
2) Regulating fluid volume
3) Regulating acid-base balance
4) Regulating electrolyte balance of blood
What 6 things are a part of the urinary system?
1&2) Paired kidneys
3&4) Paired ureters
5) Urinary bladder
6) Urethra
1) Where are the kidneys located? Explain retroperitoneal.
2) Which kidney is lower? Why?
1) They’re in the posterior abdominal wall; they’re retroperitoneal which means they’re behind the peritoneum
2) The right kidney is slightly lower than the left because of the liver above it
1) What does the renal capsule do?
2) What does the adipose capsule do?
1) The renal capsule is fibrous and protects against infection
2) The adipose capsule helps cushion and hold the kidney in place
What two capsules surround the kidney?
Renal capsule and adipose capsule
1) What is nephroptosis?
2) What can cause nephroptosis?
3) How does nephroptosis affect urine flow?
1) When the kidney drops down too low or even becomes detached from the wall
2) Anorexia and depletion of the adipose capsule surrounding the kidney
3) It stops urine flow from ureters (like stepping on a hose)
On the medial side of each kidney is the ______ where the renal artery and vein, the ureter, nerves, and lymphatic vessels enter and leave the kidney.
hilum
How does urine move down to the urinary bladder?
Through peristalsis, gravity, and hydrostatic pressure
What are the 3 layers of tissue that make up the bladder? Where are they located?
1) Outer layer:
a) Peritoneum: only on top of the bladder, outer layer
b) Adventitia: only on the sides of the bladder, outer layer
2) Detrusor muscle: made up of three layers of smooth muscle; middle layer
3) Mucosa: made of transitional epithelium; inner layer
What does the detrusor muscle do?
Activation of the detrusor muscle will contract the urinary bladder, expelling urine
What two types of tissue make up the outer layer of the urinary bladder?
Peritoneum and adventitia
1) What type of tissue makes up the bladder’s mucosa layer?
2) When are rugae seen?
1) Transitional epithelium
2) When the bladder is empty
The triangular area on the floor of the bladder consisting o the two posterior openings of the ureters and the anterior urethral opening is called what?
The trigone
Why is the trigone of the bladder clinically important?
Bladder infections usually begin and persist in this area
1) How long is the female urethra? Male urethra?
2) Are male or female urethras used for both the reproductive and urinary systems?
1) Female urethra is 1.5 inches, male urethra is 8 inches
2) Male urethras are used in both systems
What are the 3 regions of the male urethra?
1) Prostatic urethra: runs through prostate gland
2) Membranous urethra: the section that passes through the urogenital diaphragm
3) Spongy (penile) urethra
1) How many urethral sphincters are there?
2) What do they do?
1) 2 sphincters in both males and females
2) They prevent urine from flowing
Name and describe the locations of the two urethral sphincters
1) Internal urethral sphincter: made of smooth muscle, located at the opening of the urethra in the bladder wall
2) External urethral sphincter: made of skeletal muscle, located in the urogenital diaphragm
1) What urethral sphincter do you have voluntary control over?
2) What nerve innervates this sphincter?
1) External urethral sphincter
2) Pudendal nerve
What are the 3 basic regions of the kidney? List them from outer to inner regions
1) Renal cortex
2) Renal medulla
3) Renal sinus
Describe the renal cortex
1) The outer layer of tissue; contains the renal corpuscles and the proximal and distal convoluted tubules.
2) The cortex extends down the columns of the medulla
What 2 things make up the medulla region of the kidney?
1) Renal pyramids
2) Columns
Describe the renal pyramids of the renal medulla
1) The pyramids contain the nephron loops and the collecting ducts.
2) The collecting ducts all converge, producing the cone-shaped appearance of the pyramids
3) At the tips of the pyramids are the papilla, which is where urine from collecting ducts drains into the renal sinus
Describe the columns of the renal medulla
Contain the interlobar arteries and veins
Describe the renal sinus
1) The area next to the hilum; contains all the urine-collecting structures including the calyces and pelvis, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
2) Adipose tissues fill up any remaining spaces
Describe the flow of urine from the papilla to the ureter (5 steps)
1) Papilla
2) Minor calyces
3) Major calyces
4) Renal pelvis
5) Ureter
List the flow of filtrate through the nephron starting in the glomerular capsule (5 steps)
1) Glomerular capsule
2) Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
3) Nephron loop
4) Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
5) Collecting duct
What are the 3 physiological processes that occur in the nephron?
1) Filtration
2) Reabsorption
3) Secretion
1) What is the functional unit of the urinary system?
2) How many are there in each kidney?
3) What changes about it from birth?
1) The nephron
2) About 1 million
3) The number of nephrons is consistent from birth; the relative size of the nephrons may increase
1) Where is blood filtered and how many gallons of filtrate are produced per day?
2) What is not filtered into the glomerular capsule?
1) At the glomerulus and about 33-40 gallons of filtrate is produced per day
2) Everything is filtered into the glomerular capsule except RBCs and plasma proteins
What does presence of blood or plasma proteins in urine indicate?
Damage at the glomerulus
1) What happens to the majority of filtrate? Where does this happen?
2) What percentage of glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed?
3) What happens if the amount of glucose in filtrate is abnormally high?
1) Most filtrate is taken out of the tubules and put back into blood (either in the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta)
2) In a healthy person, 100% of glucose and amino acids are transported back into the blood from filtrate
3) Then transporters will not be able to transport all of it back into blood, and some will end up in urine
Finding glucose in urine would indicate what disorder?
Diabetes mellitus
Define secretion
Some substances that remained in the blood are actively transported into the nephronic tubules to be disposed of in urine
1) What type of nephron is most common?
2) Where are these nephrons found? Do they have long or short loops?
3) What capillaries surround the tubules of this nephron?
1) 80-85% are cortical nephrons
2) They’re primarily found in the cortex of the kidney and have short nephron loops
3) The peritubular capillaries
1) What type of nephron is least common?
2) Where are their nephron loops found? Do they have long or short loops?
3) What capillaries surround the tubules of this nephron?
4) What do these nephrons do?
1) 15-20% are juxtamedullary nephrons
2) They have long loops that extend deep into the medulla pyramids
3) Vasa recta capillaries
4) Concentrate urine
1) Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus found?
2) What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus do?
3) What are the two parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
1) Found where the afferent arteriole and ascending limb of the nephron loop or the beginning of the DCT touch.
2) Regulates blood pressure and filtration rate
3) The macula densa cells and the JG or granular cells
Where are the two parts of the juxtaglomerular apparatus found and what do they do?
1) Macula densa cells: Found on one side of the tubule; regulate by sensing NaCI levels
2) JG or granular cells: found in the wall of the afferent arteriole; regulate blood pressure by producing renin
List the flow of fluid from the abdominal aorta to the urethra (20 steps)
1) Abdominal aorta
2) Renal artery
3) Segmental artery
4) Interlobar artery
5) Arcuate artery
6) Cortical radiate artery
7) Afferent arteriole
8) Glomerulus (filtration happens)
9) Glomerular capsule
10) PCT (reabsorption)
11) Nephron loop
12) DCT (secretion)
13) Collecting duct
14) Papillary duct
15) Minor calyx
16) Major calyx
17) Renal pelvis
18) Ureter
19) Urinary bladder
20) Urethra
List the flow of blood starting at the efferent arteriole
1) Efferent arteriole
2) Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta
3) Cortical radiate vein
4) Arcuate vein
5) Interlobar vein
6) Renal vein
7) Inferior vena cava
When does filtrate become urine?
As soon as it enters the papillary duct
When does blood become filtrate?
As soon as it enters the glomerular capsule
