Lab 8 (Chapter 24)

Question 1

We produce an average of _____liters of urine a day, and an average range of __________ liters of urine a day.

Answer 1

1.5L; 1-1.8L

Question 2

1) The average pH of urine is _____
2) The pH of urine can range from ____ to ____ depending on diet.

Answer 2

1) 6
2) 4.5 to 8.2

Question 3

What is the normal range of specific gravity in urine?

Answer 3

1.001-1.028

Question 4

Urine is yellow due to the presence of what?

Answer 4

Urochrome

Question 5

Urine is composed of ______% water and ______% solutes

Answer 5

95%; 5%

Question 6

1) What is the main solute found in urine?
2) What other solutes are found in urine?

Answer 6

1) Urea
2) Sodium, potassium, creatinine, and uric acid

Question 7

1) What word means ‘too much glucose in urine’?
2) What causes excessive glucose in urine?

Answer 7

1) Glycosuria
2) Too much sugar or diabetes mellitus

Question 8

1) What word means ‘albumin in urine’?
2) What non-pathological causes are there for albumin to be in urine?
3) What pathological causes are there for albumin to be in urine?

Answer 8

1) Albuminuria
2) Nonpathological causes include excessive physical exertion, pregnancy or diet
3) Pathological causes include kidney trauma, ingestion of poisons, glomerulonephritis, heart failure, or severe hypertension

Question 9

1) What word means ‘blood in urine’?
2) What can cause blood to be in urine?

Answer 9

1) Hematuria
2) Causes include trauma, kidney stones, infection, or neoplasm

Question 10

1) What word means ‘hemoglobin in urine’?
2) What can cause hemoglobin to be in urine?

Answer 10

1) Hemoglobinuria
2) Causes include transfusion reaction, severe burns, or hemolytic anemias

Question 11

1) What word means ‘ketones in urine’?
2) Are ketones normal in urine? What do too many ketones indicate?

Answer 11

1) Ketonuria
2) Small amounts are normal; too much indicates starvation, low-carb diets, or untreated diabetes mellitus

Question 12

1) What word means ‘bile pigments in urine’?
2) Why might bile be found in urine?

Answer 12

1) Bilirubinuria
2) Liver disease or obstruction of bile ducts

Question 13

1) Define urobilinogen and state if it’s normally found in urine
2) What does it mean when urobilinogen is absent? What does it mean when there’s too much?

Answer 13

1) A colorless substance normally found in urine
2) None can indicate renal disease, too much can indicate liver disease

Question 14

1) What word means ‘white blood cells in urine’?
2) What do WBCs in urine usually indicate?

Answer 14

1) Pyuria
2) A UTI (urinary tract infection)

Question 15

What do nitrites in urine indicate?

Answer 15

A possible bacterial infection (E. coli or other Gram-negative bacteria)

Question 16

1) Define casts
2) What can they indicate?

Answer 16

1) Mineral crystals or hardened cell fragments from bacteria, RBCs, or WBCs.
2) Indicate a variety of disorders

Question 17

List 9 abnormal constituents of urine

Answer 17

1) Glucose
2) Albumin
3) Blood
4) Hemoglobin
5) Ketones
6) Bile pigments
7) WBCs
8) Nitrites
9) Casts

Question 18

Describe how red and blue litmus paper work

Answer 18

1) Red litmus paper: Stays red in acids, turns blue in bases
2) Blue litmus paper: Stays blue in bases, turns red in acids

Question 19

What will buffers do when an acid is added to a solution?

Answer 19

Keep the pH the same as before

Question 20

1) What can low specific gravity of urine indicate?
2) What are the symptoms of this disorder?

Answer 20

1) Diabetes insipidus
2) Excessive urination and thirst

Question 21

1) What can glucose and ketones in urine indicate?
2) What are the symptoms of this disorder?

Answer 21

1) Diabetes mellitus
2) Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

Question 22

1) What can protein in urine indicate?
2) What is a symptom of this disorder?

Answer 22

1) Glomerulonephritis
2) Edema in hands and ankles