Lab 6 (Chapter 22) Flashcards
Differentiate between the nasal conchae and nasal meatuses
The conchae are the bumps, the meatuses are the ridges
Where is the nasopharynx?
Posterior to the soft palate
Where is the opening of the auditory tube?
Above the nasopharynx
Where is the oropharynx?
Inferior and posterior to the palatine tonsil
Where is the laryngopharynx?
Inferior to the epiglottis
Describe the appearance and location of the epiglottis
A structure that sticks out below the palatine tonsil
Describe the locations of the vestibular fold and vocal fold
1) Vestibular fold is the upper fold
2) Vocal fold is the lower fold
-Both are inferior to the epiglottis
Where is the esophagus?
Posterior to the trachea
Where is the thyroid cartilage of the larynx found?
It’s the superior cartilage on the front of the throat
Where is the cricoid cartilage of the larynx?
Inferior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx
What is the glottis? Where is it?
Defined as the vestibular and vocal folds, and the space between them. In the larynx
What is the hilum of the lungs?
Where the blood vessels enter the lung tissue
The pulmonary arteriole and bronchial artery are what color?
Blue
The pulmonary venule and bronchial vein are what color?
Red
Name the 2 tonsils of the nasopharynx and the 2 tonsils of the oropharynx
1) Nasopharynx: Tubal tonsils and pharyngeal tonsil
2) Oropharynx: Palatine and lingual tonsils
What is the most superior cartilage of the larynx? What is it made of and what does it do?
1) Epiglottis
2) It’s made of elastic cartilage and functions to fold over during swallowing, preventing food and drink from entering the larynx.
The __________ cartilage is the largest cartilage covering most of the anterior and lateral edges of the larynx. The “Adam’s apple” is a part of this cartilage.
thyroid
The _________ cartilage is the most inferior cartilage of the larynx that forms a ring just superior to the start of the trachea
cricoid
The mucous membrane of the larynx forms 2 folds; what are these 2 folds?
Vestibular fold and vocal fold
Name the lobes of the right and left lungs
1) Right lung: Superior, middle, and inferior lobes
2) Left lung: Superior and inferior lobes
The function of serous/ pleural fluid is to what?
Reduce friction and make the two membranes stick to each other
What side of the lungs will an aspirated object more likely enter; the left or right? Explain why
The right side, ,because the right bronchus is more vertical, shorter, and wider than the left bronchus
How many secondary bronchi are there on the right side? How many are there on the left?
1) Right: 3 secondary bronchi
2) Left: 2 secondary bronchi
Define pulmonary ventilation
The rhythmic movement of air into and out of the lungs (aka breathing)
Define alveolar gas exchange
The gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood
Define transport of respiratory gases
Transport between the lungs and tissue cells of the body
Define systemic gas exchange
The gas exchange between the blood and tissue cells of the body
As volume of the lungs decreases, what happens to pressure?
It increases
Define tidal volume (TV); what’s its typical number?
The volume of one breath inhaled (or exhaled). Approximately 500ml/ breath
Define inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation (3000ml)
Define expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
The amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation (1200ml)
Define residual volume (RV)
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation (1300ml)
Define vital capacity
The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximal inspiration (4700ml); decreases with age
List the order of the bronchi from biggest to smallest
1) Primary bronchi
2) Lobar (secondary) bronchi
3) Segmental (tertiary) bronchi
What is the most inferior region of the pharynx?
Laryngeal pharynx
List the regions of the pharynx from superior to inferior (3)
1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngeal pharynx (laryngopharynx)
List the functions of the nasal cavity (2)
1) Olfaction
2) Filters, warms, and moistens incoming air
How many pieces of cartilage make up the larynx? Name the 3 biggest pieces
1) 9 pieces make up the larynx
2) Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage
Would you have difficulty breathing if a large piece of food got lodged six inches down the esophagus?
No
Would you have difficulty breathing if a piece of food was stuck 3 inches down the esophagus?
Yes
The outer surface of each lung is lined with a serous membrane called the __________ ______
visceral pleura
The thoracic wall and superior surface of the diaphragm is lined with a membrane called the ______ ________
parietal pleura
List the components of the conducting zone
1) Bronchioles
2) Terminal bronchioles
List the components of the respiratory zone
1) Respiratory bronchioles
2) Alveolar ducts
3) Alveolus
Define the respiratory zone
The zone of gas exchange
Define the conducting zone
The tubing that gets you to the gas exchange zone
How many branches does the bronchial tree have?
About 25
What are the 4 basic functions of the respiratory system?
1) Pulmonary ventilation
2) Alveolar gas exchange
3) Transport of respiratory gases
4) Systemic gas exchange
Name the two functions of the respiratory system that the cardiac system is involved with completing
1) Transport of respiratory gases
2) Systemic gas exchange
What two functions of the respiratory system are carried out solely by the respiratory system?
1) Pulmonary ventilation
2) Alveolar gas exchange
Define inhalation. What happens to volume and pressure during it?
-Defined as an active process requiring muscle contraction (and ATP)
-Volume increases and pressure decreases (below ATM)
Define exhalation. What happens to volume and pressure during exhalation?
-Defined as a passive process, requiring only the relaxation of the muscles
-Volume decreases, pressure increases (higher than ATM)
75% of air in quiet breathing is by contraction of what?
The diaphragm, which flattens from a dome shape
Name the prime mover and synergist in inhalation
1) Diaphragm (prime mover)
2) External intercostals (synergist)
What muscles are involved in exhalation, and what do they do?
The diaphragm and external intercostals relax
For air to go in the lungs, intrapulmonary pressure must be ________ than atmospheric pressure; therefore we must __________ the volume of the lungs
less than; increase
What 3 things happen during exhalation?
1) Diaphragm and intercostals relax
2) Elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs
3) Inward pull of the alveolar fluid caused by surface tension
What muscles are used in forced exhalation? (2)
1) Internal intercostals
2) Rectus abdominis
Explain what happens when you have too much CO2
Too much CO2 drives the reaction to the right, which increases the amount of H+ molecules, which leads to pH dropping, which leads to acidic respiratory acidosis
Explain what happens when you have too little CO2
Too little CO2 drives the reaction to the left, which decreases the amount of H+ molecules, which leads to pH rising, which leads to alkaline (basic) alkalosis
What happens to lung volume, pressure, and air flow during inspiration?
1) Volume increases
2) Pressure decreases
3) Air flows into lungs
What happens to lung volume, pressure, and air flow during expiration?
1) Volume decreases
2) Pressure increases
3) Air flows out of lungs
What 3 factors make up vital capacity?
1) Inspiratory reserve volume (deep inhalation)
2) Tidal volume (normal breath)
3) Expiratory reserve volume (deep exhalation)
What 4 factors make up total lung capacity?
1) Inspiratory reserve volume (deep inhalation)
2) Tidal volume (normal breath)
3) Expiratory reserve volume (deep exhalation)
4) Residual volume (dead space)
