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Anatomy and Physiology II > Lab 6 (Chapter 22) > Flashcards

Lab 6 (Chapter 22) Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate between the nasal conchae and nasal meatuses

A

The conchae are the bumps, the meatuses are the ridges

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2
Q

Where is the nasopharynx?

A

Posterior to the soft palate

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3
Q

Where is the opening of the auditory tube?

A

Above the nasopharynx

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4
Q

Where is the oropharynx?

A

Inferior and posterior to the palatine tonsil

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5
Q

Where is the laryngopharynx?

A

Inferior to the epiglottis

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6
Q

Describe the appearance and location of the epiglottis

A

A structure that sticks out below the palatine tonsil

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7
Q

Describe the locations of the vestibular fold and vocal fold

A

1) Vestibular fold is the upper fold
2) Vocal fold is the lower fold
-Both are inferior to the epiglottis

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8
Q

Where is the esophagus?

A

Posterior to the trachea

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9
Q

Where is the thyroid cartilage of the larynx found?

A

It’s the superior cartilage on the front of the throat

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10
Q

Where is the cricoid cartilage of the larynx?

A

Inferior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx

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11
Q

What is the glottis? Where is it?

A

Defined as the vestibular and vocal folds, and the space between them. In the larynx

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12
Q

What is the hilum of the lungs?

A

Where the blood vessels enter the lung tissue

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13
Q

The pulmonary arteriole and bronchial artery are what color?

A

Blue

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14
Q

The pulmonary venule and bronchial vein are what color?

A

Red

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15
Q

Name the 2 tonsils of the nasopharynx and the 2 tonsils of the oropharynx

A

1) Nasopharynx: Tubal tonsils and pharyngeal tonsil
2) Oropharynx: Palatine and lingual tonsils

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16
Q

What is the most superior cartilage of the larynx? What is it made of and what does it do?

A

1) Epiglottis
2) It’s made of elastic cartilage and functions to fold over during swallowing, preventing food and drink from entering the larynx.

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17
Q

The __________ cartilage is the largest cartilage covering most of the anterior and lateral edges of the larynx. The “Adam’s apple” is a part of this cartilage.

A

thyroid

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18
Q

The _________ cartilage is the most inferior cartilage of the larynx that forms a ring just superior to the start of the trachea

A

cricoid

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19
Q

The mucous membrane of the larynx forms 2 folds; what are these 2 folds?

A

Vestibular fold and vocal fold

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20
Q

Name the lobes of the right and left lungs

A

1) Right lung: Superior, middle, and inferior lobes
2) Left lung: Superior and inferior lobes

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21
Q

The function of serous/ pleural fluid is to what?

A

Reduce friction and make the two membranes stick to each other

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22
Q

What side of the lungs will an aspirated object more likely enter; the left or right? Explain why

A

The right side, ,because the right bronchus is more vertical, shorter, and wider than the left bronchus

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23
Q

How many secondary bronchi are there on the right side? How many are there on the left?

A

1) Right: 3 secondary bronchi
2) Left: 2 secondary bronchi

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24
Q

Define pulmonary ventilation

A

The rhythmic movement of air into and out of the lungs (aka breathing)

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25
Q

Define alveolar gas exchange

A

The gas exchange between the alveoli and the blood

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26
Q

Define transport of respiratory gases

A

Transport between the lungs and tissue cells of the body

27
Q

Define systemic gas exchange

A

The gas exchange between the blood and tissue cells of the body

28
Q

As volume of the lungs decreases, what happens to pressure?

A

It increases

29
Q

Define tidal volume (TV); what’s its typical number?

A

The volume of one breath inhaled (or exhaled). Approximately 500ml/ breath

30
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation (3000ml)

31
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

The amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation (1200ml)

32
Q

Define residual volume (RV)

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum exhalation (1300ml)

33
Q

Define vital capacity

A

The maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximal inspiration (4700ml); decreases with age

34
Q

List the order of the bronchi from biggest to smallest

A

1) Primary bronchi
2) Lobar (secondary) bronchi
3) Segmental (tertiary) bronchi

35
Q

What is the most inferior region of the pharynx?

A

Laryngeal pharynx

36
Q

List the regions of the pharynx from superior to inferior (3)

A

1) Nasopharynx
2) Oropharynx
3) Laryngeal pharynx (laryngopharynx)

37
Q

List the functions of the nasal cavity (2)

A

1) Olfaction
2) Filters, warms, and moistens incoming air

38
Q

How many pieces of cartilage make up the larynx? Name the 3 biggest pieces

A

1) 9 pieces make up the larynx
2) Epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, and cricoid cartilage

39
Q

Would you have difficulty breathing if a large piece of food got lodged six inches down the esophagus?

A

No

40
Q

Would you have difficulty breathing if a piece of food was stuck 3 inches down the esophagus?

A

Yes

41
Q

The outer surface of each lung is lined with a serous membrane called the __________ ______

A

visceral pleura

42
Q

The thoracic wall and superior surface of the diaphragm is lined with a membrane called the ______ ________

A

parietal pleura

43
Q

List the components of the conducting zone

A

1) Bronchioles
2) Terminal bronchioles

44
Q

List the components of the respiratory zone

A

1) Respiratory bronchioles
2) Alveolar ducts
3) Alveolus

45
Q

Define the respiratory zone

A

The zone of gas exchange

46
Q

Define the conducting zone

A

The tubing that gets you to the gas exchange zone

47
Q

How many branches does the bronchial tree have?

A

About 25

48
Q

What are the 4 basic functions of the respiratory system?

A

1) Pulmonary ventilation
2) Alveolar gas exchange
3) Transport of respiratory gases
4) Systemic gas exchange

49
Q

Name the two functions of the respiratory system that the cardiac system is involved with completing

A

1) Transport of respiratory gases
2) Systemic gas exchange

50
Q

What two functions of the respiratory system are carried out solely by the respiratory system?

A

1) Pulmonary ventilation
2) Alveolar gas exchange

51
Q

Define inhalation. What happens to volume and pressure during it?

A

-Defined as an active process requiring muscle contraction (and ATP)
-Volume increases and pressure decreases (below ATM)

52
Q

Define exhalation. What happens to volume and pressure during exhalation?

A

-Defined as a passive process, requiring only the relaxation of the muscles
-Volume decreases, pressure increases (higher than ATM)

53
Q

75% of air in quiet breathing is by contraction of what?

A

The diaphragm, which flattens from a dome shape

54
Q

Name the prime mover and synergist in inhalation

A

1) Diaphragm (prime mover)
2) External intercostals (synergist)

55
Q

What muscles are involved in exhalation, and what do they do?

A

The diaphragm and external intercostals relax

56
Q

For air to go in the lungs, intrapulmonary pressure must be ________ than atmospheric pressure; therefore we must __________ the volume of the lungs

A

less than; increase

57
Q

What 3 things happen during exhalation?

A

1) Diaphragm and intercostals relax
2) Elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs
3) Inward pull of the alveolar fluid caused by surface tension

58
Q

What muscles are used in forced exhalation? (2)

A

1) Internal intercostals
2) Rectus abdominis

59
Q

Explain what happens when you have too much CO2

A

Too much CO2 drives the reaction to the right, which increases the amount of H+ molecules, which leads to pH dropping, which leads to acidic respiratory acidosis

60
Q

Explain what happens when you have too little CO2

A

Too little CO2 drives the reaction to the left, which decreases the amount of H+ molecules, which leads to pH rising, which leads to alkaline (basic) alkalosis

61
Q

What happens to lung volume, pressure, and air flow during inspiration?

A

1) Volume increases
2) Pressure decreases
3) Air flows into lungs

62
Q

What happens to lung volume, pressure, and air flow during expiration?

A

1) Volume decreases
2) Pressure increases
3) Air flows out of lungs

63
Q

What 3 factors make up vital capacity?

A

1) Inspiratory reserve volume (deep inhalation)
2) Tidal volume (normal breath)
3) Expiratory reserve volume (deep exhalation)

64
Q

What 4 factors make up total lung capacity?

A

1) Inspiratory reserve volume (deep inhalation)
2) Tidal volume (normal breath)
3) Expiratory reserve volume (deep exhalation)
4) Residual volume (dead space)

Anatomy and Physiology II (40 decks)

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