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Toxicology > Unit 3 - Environmental and Disaster > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Environmental and Disaster Flashcards

1
Q

What is a disaster?

A

A serious disruption of the funcitoning of a community or society causing widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources

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2
Q

What are the types of disasters?

A

Natural - weather related, earthquake, fires, volcanic activit y

Man facilitated - algal blooms, botulism

Man-made - spills, nuclear incidents, fires, explosions

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3
Q

What harmful events are caused by tornadoes?

A

Blunt force trauma, few common toxicological issues, molds

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4
Q

What harmful events are caused by hurricanes?

A

Flooding/drowning

Contamination of drinking water

Localized chemical spills

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5
Q

What harmful events are caused by floods?

A

Similar to hurricanes

Contamination of drinking water - chemicals, heavy metals, bacteria, mycotoxins

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6
Q

What harmful events are associated with droughts?

A

Increased risk of toxic plant ingestion

Stress on grain resulting in an increased mycotoxin risk

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7
Q

What harmful events are caused by blizzards?

A

The normal feed isn’t available so there is an increased risk of toxic plant ingestion

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8
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

The excessive concentration of nitrates and phosphates due to runoff from land

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9
Q

Why is eutrophication bad?

A

It increases algae growth/blooms

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10
Q

How has the zebra mussel introduction resulted in an animal welfare issue?

A

The mussel increased Cladophora growth resulting in the release of toxin and its enterance into the food chain. Birds get toxin and get botulism

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11
Q

T/F: Chemical spills are only harmful to animals.

A

False - there are human and animal concerns

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12
Q

What species are commonly affected by crude oil spills?

A

Invertebrates, fish, reptiles

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13
Q

What do crude oil spills do to reptiles?

A

Epidermal injury and respiration

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14
Q

What do crude oil spills do to birds and mammals?

A

Loss of thermoregulation and buoyancy

Alimentary tract irritation

Hypoglycemia

Aspiration

Hemolysis (birds only)

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15
Q

How do crude oil spills affect bird/reptile eggs?

A

Reduced hatching success

Teratogenic effects

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16
Q

How do you stabilize animals affected by crude oil spills?

A

correct hypothermia, correct nutritional & hydration imbalances, acclimate

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17
Q

How do you decontaminate animals after crude oil spills?

A

liquid dish detergent, minimize stress, avoid hypothermia

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18
Q

What is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in burn patients?

A

Smoke inhalation

19
Q

What asphyxiant gases can be present in fires? What do they do?

A

CO2 and methane

Displace O2

20
Q

What corrosive gases can be present in fires? What do they do?

A

NH3 and HCl

Proximal airway damage and oxidant injury in lung

21
Q

What systemically toxic gases can be present in fires?

A

CO and cyanide

22
Q

What size particulates are cleared by the nasopharynx?

A

> 5 micrometers

23
Q

What does smoke inhalaiton do to the upper airway (MOA)?

A

Primarily thermal injury
Heat destroys epithelium - denatures proteins & activates complement
Production of ROS - inflammation, edema, further injury
Loss of cilia - infections

24
Q

What clinical signs are associated with upper airway smoke inhalation? When?

A

Stridor, dyspnea

Can be delayed up to 18 hours

25
What lesions are associated with smoke inhalation of the upper airway?
Thermal injury of airways Chemical irritation of RT Systemic toxicosis
26
What does smoke inhalation do to the tracheobronchial tree?
**Mostly chemical injury** Bronchoconstriction
27
What clinical signs are associated with smoke inhalation at the tracheobronchial tree?
Cough, wheezing, sooty secretions, dyspnea
28
What lesions are associated with smoke inhalation at the tracheobronchial tree?
High protein transudate Airway casts
29
What clinical signs are associated with smoke inhalation at the lung level?
Delayed onset of dyspnea
30
What lesions does smoke inhalation cause in the lungs?
Alveolar collapse, edema, surfactant loss, fibrin deposition Neutrophil activation results in further injury and neutrophil depletion (more infection)
31
What is the systemic response to smoke inhalation?
Onset - 24-48 hours Hypermetabolic state from burns Vascular leakage Decreased O2 to GIT Myocardial depression Pro-inflammatory mediators Antioxidant depression
32
What causes delayed posthypoxic leukoencephalopathy? When does it occur? What lesions are associated? Can you tell I am getting tired of writing flashcards?
Smoke inhalation (CO) Onset - 1-3 weeks post 'recovery' Die off of neurons - laminar cortical necrosis, reactive gliosis
33
What are the risk factors for working dogs?
Exposure to hazardous substances - illicit drugs, accelerants, contaminants Environmental hazards - zootoxins, plant toxins
34
What are the risk factors for dogs at urban diseaster sites?
Low to ground Lack of protective gear Confined spaces Highly contaminated environment
35
What are the sources of oral exposures in the environment?
Puddles, deposits, and inhaled particulates
36
Oral exposures can result in what?
Local injury and systemic absorption
37
What are the possible respiratory exposure methods that are of significant concern at urban disaster sites?
Dust, ash, gases, toxic fumes
38
What are the solid and liquid tox hazards at disaster sites?
Toxic metals Soaps and detergents Hydrocarbons Glycols Phenols Alcohols Drugs and medications
39
What are the particulate hazards at urban disaster sites?
Asbestos Heavy metals Mold spores Hydrocarbons Glycols and solvents Nontoxic dust
40
What is key to reducing the exposure to toxic gases?
Ventilation
41
What are the sources of polychlorinated biphenyls?
Coolants for transformers Extenders in paints and pesticides Lubricants
42
What type of compounds are polychlorinated biphenyls?
Synthetic chlorinated organic compounds
43
What on site management needs to occur in disaster situations?
Know the expected toxicants Frequent decontamination Allow for downtime
44
I feel like everything else in this ppt is common sense....
I stopped on the 'on-site' management slide

Toxicology (32 decks)

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