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Toxicology > Unit 3 - Commercial Home and Personal Care 1 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Commercial Home and Personal Care 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different forms of cleaning products that are involved in toxicosis (general categories)?

A

Acids

Alkalis

Bleaches

Detergents

Disinfectants

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2
Q

Acids are (caustic/corrosive) and alkalis are (caustic/corrosive).

A

Acids are corrosive

Alkalis are caustic

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3
Q

What do corrosive products do?

A

They damage inorganic and organic material

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4
Q

What do caustic products do?

A

They dissolve the structure of an object - burn by degrading organic tissue

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5
Q

Are alkalis or acids more severe?

A

Alkalis have more severe effects

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6
Q

What are the common acids in our cleaning products?

A

Hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, oxalic

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7
Q

What are the sources of acid toxicosis?

A

Toilet bowl cleaners

metal cleaners

battery fluid

swimming pool cleaners

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8
Q

What are the common alkalis we encounter?

A

Sodium hydroxide

Sodium hypochlorite

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9
Q

An alkali with a pH of <12 is an ______, where as an alkali with a pH >12 causes severe ______.

A

irritant

burns

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10
Q

What are the sources of alkali toxicosis?

A

Drain cleaners

Denture cleaners

Cationic detergents

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11
Q

What is the MOA of acids?

A

coagulative necrosis

limited penetration

immediate/intense pain

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12
Q

What is the MOA of alkalis?

A

Liquefactive necrosis

Deep penetration - perforation

+/- delayed sensation of burns

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13
Q

What are the clinical signs of acid/alkali toxicosis dependent on?

A

Concentration, pH, and duration of exposure

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14
Q

What clinical signs are consistent with acid/alkali toxicosis?

A

Feed refusal
Dysphagia
Pytalism
Bloody vomiting
Abdominal pain
Polydipsia
Blindness
+/- respiratory distress

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15
Q

What lesions do acids cause?

A

Burns/ ulcerations in the oral cavity

Esophageal lesions are rare

Laryngeal swelling & spasms

Corneal ulceration

Acute inflammation (dark gray - black burns, nitric acid = yellowing of skin)

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16
Q

What lesions do alkalis cause?

A

+/- oral burns

Corneal ulceration

Esophgeal lesions - full thickness burns, perforation

GI - bleeding, pyloric burns

Esophageal & GI lesions result in tissue scarring, esophageal stricture, & pyloric stenosis

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17
Q

How is acid/alkali toxicosis treated?

A

DO NOT induce emesis

Administer milk - dilute the acid/alkali content

Administer GI protectants

NPO - nasogastric tube and IV fluids

Butorphanol tartrate - pain management

+/- corticosteriods

Rinse eyes and monitor for corneal ulceration

Wash skin with liquid detergent

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18
Q

What is acid/alkali toxicosis dependent on?

A

type of exposure

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19
Q

Solvents are made up of what toxic product?

A

Hydrocarbons - aliphatic, alicyclic, or aromatic

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20
Q

T/F: Aliphatic hydrocarbons are more toxic than aromatic

A

False: Aromatic > aliphatic

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21
Q

What are the sources of solvents for toxicosis cases?

A

Paint thinners/strippers - toluene, methylene chloride, turpentine, acetone

Gasoline

Kerosene

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22
Q

How are pets exposed to solvents?

A

Inhalation, ingestion, and dermal

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23
Q

What is the MOA of solvents?

A

Cell and mucosal damage - eye,skin, GI, and respiratory irritation

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24
Q

What are the clinical effects of solvents?

A

GI: Vomiting, bloat, anorexia

CNS: Depression, tremors, convulsions, coma

Skin & Eye: Epithelial damage

Hematological: Bone marrow suppression

Heart: Cardiac arrest

Liver & Kidney damage

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25
Q

What samples are taken for the diagnosis of solvent toxicosis?

A

Blood

Serum

Radiographs

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26
Q

What CBC results are consistent with solvent toxicosis?

A

Hemoconcentration

Anemia

Thrombocytopenia

Leukopenia

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27
Q

What serum results are consistent with solvent toxicosis?

A

Hypoglycemia and azotemia

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28
Q

What will you see on radiographs in a patient with solvent toxicosis?

A

Aspiration pneumonia

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29
Q

How do you treat solvent toxicosis?

A

Antibiotics

Cage rest

Treat for shock

+/- Blood transfusion

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30
Q

What is contraindicated for the treatment of solvents?

A

Emesis, gastric lavage, corticosteroids, activated charcoal

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31
Q

When dealing with acid/alkali toxicosis cases, what protective measures should you take?

A

Wear proper PPE

Read the instructions

Don’t eat it….

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32
Q

What is the pH of bleach?

A

> 12

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33
Q

What are the active agents of bleach that are of concern?

A

Sodium hypochlorite

Sodium peroxide

Sodium perborate

34
Q

What are the sources of bleach toxicosis?

A

Toilet bowl cleaners

Laundry detergents

Swimming pool cleaner

35
Q

What species is commonly exposed to bleach products?

A

Dogs

36
Q

What is the MOA of bleach?

A

Dependent on the compounds

Na hypochlorite - produces chlorine gas when combined with acid of alkali

Na peroxide - Decomposes in the GI tract → Gastric irritation

Na perborate - Decomposes to peroxide & borate → Gastric irritation

37
Q

Clinical signs of bleach toxicosis is dependent on what?

A

concentration, pH, and duration of exposure

38
Q

What clinical signs are associated with bleach toxicosis?

A

Pytalism
Vomiting
Dysphagia
Oral ulcerations
Coughing
Choking

39
Q

What clin path results are consistent with bleach toxicosis?

A

Metabolic acidosis

Elevated Na

Elevated Cl

40
Q

How is bleach toxicosis diagnosed?

A

History of exposure and associated clinical signs and lesions

41
Q

What lesions are associated with bleach toxicosis?

A

Irritaiton/ inflammation: pharynx, glottis, larynx, lungs

Corneal ulceration - direct exposure, chlorine gas

Pulmonary edema

42
Q

How is bleach toxicosis treated?

A

DO NOT induce emesis

Administer milk - dilute the acid/alkali content

Monitor electrolyte levels - IV fluids

Administer GI protectants

NPO - nasogastric tube

Butorphanol tartrate - pain management

+/- corticosteriods

Rinse eyes and monitor for corneal ulceration

Wash skin with liquid detergent

43
Q

If you aren’t wearing the proper PPE, what can bleach do to you?

A

Cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and mucosa

44
Q

What are the sources of nonionic detergents?

A

Soap, laundry detergent, dishwashing detergent

45
Q

T/F: Nonionic detergents are nearly non-toxic.

A

True

46
Q

What clinical signs are associated with nonionic detergent toxicosis?

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

47
Q

What clin path results are consistent with nonionic detergent toxicosis?

A

Electrolyte imbalances

Alkalosis due to vomiting

48
Q

How is nonionic detergent toxicosis treated?

A

Decontamination - dilute with milk and water

Supportive

49
Q

What are the sources of anionic detergents?

A

Laundry and electronic dishwasher (Sulfonated hydrocarbons and phosphorylated hydrocarbons)

50
Q

At a moderate toxic dose, what do anionic detergents do?

A

they pose as an irritant

51
Q

What do anionic detergents do at a high toxic dose?

A

Electronic detergents

52
Q

T/F: Anionic detergents have hemolytic properties and are nephrotoxic.

A

True

53
Q

What clinical signs are associated with anionic detergent toxicosis?

A

GI - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

54
Q

What lesions are associated with anionic deterget toxicosis?

A

Pharyngeal and esophageal burns

55
Q

How is anionic detergent toxicosis treated?

A

Decontamination - dilute with milk & water
Supportive care

56
Q

What are the sources of cationic detergents?

A

Fabric softeners, germicides, sanitizers

57
Q

What are the active agents in cationic detergents?

A

Quaternary ammonias - suspected cholinesterase inhibitors

58
Q

T/F: Cationic detergents are nearly non-toxic

A

False - they are highly toxic

59
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with cationic detergents?

A

Salivation, weakness, CNS depression, respiratory depression, seizures

60
Q

How do you treat cationic detergent toxicosis?

A

Decontamination - NO EMESIS, milk, water, egg whites

suportive care - analgesics, GI protectants, demulcents

61
Q

What are the sources of soap toxicosis?

A

Bars and liquid soaps

62
Q

What clinical signs are associated with soap toxicosis?

A

Mild GI irritant - emesis and diarrhea

63
Q

What soap form is more toxic?

A

Homemade

64
Q

How is soap toxicosis treated?

A

Symptomatic

65
Q

What is the MOA of phenols?

A

Denature of proteins and alters cell wall permeability

Direct irritation of membranes

stimulation of the respiratory center (alkalosis)

66
Q

Concentrated phenols are extremely _______.

A

Corrosive

67
Q

What is the toxicokinetics of phenols?

A

Rapid GI absorption, limited skin absorption

Metabolized in liver (cats can’t conjugate)

Excreted in the urine

68
Q

What clinical signs are associated with phenol toxicosis?

A

Onset: Minutes
Pain
Mucosal ulcers/necrosis
Mydriasis
Tremors/convulsions
Incoordination
+/- Icterus

69
Q

What lesions are associated with phenol toxicosis?

A

Dermal necrosis
Hepatic necrosis
Renal tubular necrosis
Respiratory inflammation

70
Q

What clin path abnormalities are associated with phenol toxicosis?

A

Proteinuria
Hematuria
Urinary casts
↑ Liver enzymes

71
Q

What are the toxicokinetics of pine oils?

A

Pine oils - readily absorbed

Pine sol - slowly/poorly absorbed in GI

Metabolized in liver

Distributes to brain, lung, kidney

Excreted in urine - glucuronide metabolites

72
Q

T/F: Cats are more susceptible to pine oil toxicosis.

A

True

73
Q

What clinical signs are associated with pine oil toxicosis?

A

GI - bloody vomit, diarrhea

CNS - depression, coma

Renal dysfunction

74
Q

What lesions are associated with pine oil toxicosis?

A

Gastroenteritis

Pulmonary edema - if inhaled

Renal tubular necrosis

Centrilobular necrosis (cats)

75
Q

How is pine oil toxicosis treated?

A

Decontamination:
Egg whites OR milk
Activated charcoal
DO NOT induce emesis
Gastric lavage is contraindicated

Dermal - bathe with liquid soap

Supportive care - Tx shock, correct metabolic imbalancees, prevent liver & kidney failure

76
Q

What are the sources of isopropyl alcohol for toxicosis cases?

A

Alchohol wipes, commercial disinfectants, windshield deicing agents

77
Q

T/F: Isopropyl alcohol is readily absorbed and metabolized.

A

Trrue

78
Q

What clinical signs are associated with isopropyl alcohol toxicosis?

A

Behavioral changes:
Excitability
↑ vocalization
Incontinence
vomiting
Acetone breath

CNS:
Ataxia - loss of reflexes
Drowsiness/ Depression
Respiratory & Cardiac - depression & Arrest
Death

79
Q

How is Isopropyl alcohol toxicosis diagnosed?

A

Blood alcohol concentration

History of exposure

Clinical signs

80
Q

How is isopropyl alcohol toxicosis treated?

A

Decontamination ASAP:
Emetics, gastric lavage, isothermic water

Supportive care:
Maintain ventilation - Respiratory stimulants, O2, +/- mechanical ventilation
Maintain balance - Acid-base, electrolyte, fluids
Maintain body temp - Keep animal warm

Toxicology (32 decks)

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