Unit 1 - Other Insecticides, Avicides, Herbicides, and Fungicides Flashcards
What are the sources of rotenone?
Restricted use pesticide and old products out of use
Rotenone is extremely toxic to what species?
fish
Are dogs or cats more sensitive to rotenone?
Cats are more sensitive
What is the MOA of rotenone?
It interferes with electron transport synthesis resulting in decreased ATP synthesis
What does rotenone interact with?
It is synergistic with pyrethrins/pyrethroids
What clinical signs are associated with rotenone toxicosis?
Vomiting, lethargy, tremors, seizures, hypoglycemia
Mass die off in fish populations
What samples are used to detect rotenone toxicosis?
Vomitus, blood, and urine
How is rotenone toxicosis treated?
Decontamination and supportive care (diazepam, oxygen, and dextrose IV)
What type of drug is imidacloprid?
It is a neonicotinoid - very safe
What is the MOA of imidacloprid?
It blocks post synaptic receptors in insects
Should there be any concern for imidacloprid use?
There is environmental concern because pollinating species are susceptible
What are the sources of fipronil?
Frontline, max force bait station, and seed corn products
What is the MOA of fipronil?
It inhibits GABA which increases excitation
What is the MOA of hydramethylon?
It inhibits metabolism which decreases ATP synthesis
What is danger with hydramethylon associated with?
Trauma from eating the containers are more problematic than the drug itself - the drug itself isn’t really a concern
T/F: Insect growth regulators like Methoprene and Luferon are very safe products.
True
What is 4-Aminopyridine (Avitrol) used for?
It is an avicide that is used to ward off pest birds from certain areas
Avitrol has ____ oral absorption and ____ dermal absorption.
rapid, low
What is the MOA of Avitrol?
It blocks K channels and increases the release of ACh at synapses
When does the onset of clinical signs due to Avitrol toxicosis occur?
15 minutes
What clinical effects does Avitrol cause?
Hyperexcitability, tremors, convulsions, salivation, and cardiac and respiratory arrest
What may happen in birds when they are exposed to Avitrol?
They become disoriented and emit a distress cry to scare others away
What samples can Avitrol be detected in?
Vomitus, stomach content, liver, and bait
What does the canine CNS panel at ISU screen for?
Strychnine, nicotine, caffeine, 4-aminopyrindine
How is Avitrol toxicosis treated?
Decontamination, fluids, treat acidosis, and supportive care
What are the environmental and human health considerations for Avitrol?
All species are susceptible
It can cause mass deaths in bird populations
Potential for relay toxicosis
Food safety impact is unknown
What species is the intended use for Starlicide?
Starlings, gulls, and other unwanted birds
What is the MOA for Starlicide?
It is unknown - nephrotoxic
When is the onset of clinical signs for Starlicide toxicity?
Hours to Days
What samples are used for diagnosis of Starlicide?
Stomach/Crop contents, liver, and kidney
How is Starlicide treated?
Supportive
What is the prognosis for Starlicide toxicity?
Guarded
What is an herbicide?
A substance that kills plants
What is the difference between a selective and a non-selective herbicide?
A selective herbicide targets specific plants whereas a non-selective herbicide kills everything
What type of herbicide is Paraquat?
A non-selective herbicide
What degrades paraquat?
Sunlight - 3 days
What inactivates paraquat?
Soil and clay
Paraquat is ____ soluble, concentrates in the ______, and is excreted in the ______ unmetabolized.
water, lungs, urine
What is the MOA of paraquat?
It is taken up by alveolar cells and then is reduced into a free radical when O2 is present
What clinical signs due to paraquat toxicosis are early onset?
Vomiting, ataxia, and seizures
When do respiratory clinical signs onset due to paraquat toxicosis?
2-7 days
What respiratory clinical signs does paraquat toxicosis cause?
Tachypnea, dyspnea, moist rales, hypoxia, cyanosis, and death
What gross lesions are associated with paraquat toxicosis?
Congestion, hemorrhage, emphysema
What microscopic lesions are associated with Paraquat toxicosis?
Necrosis of alveolar epithelium, emphysema, fibrosis, and renal tubular necrosis
What samples are used to detect paraquat?
Lung, urine, stomach contents, and bait
What sample is used for histopath in cases of paraquat toxicosis?
lung
How is paraquat toxicosis treated?
Early decontamination and supportive care (antioxidants, fluid diuresis, and ventilation
What is the preferred decontaminant for paraquat toxicosis?
Bentonite clay
What is the prognosis for paraquat toxicosis?
hopeless if signs are present
What is the difference between diquat and paraquat?
Diquat does not concentrate in the lung
The affected tissues are the GI tract, liver, and kidney
Phenoxy herbicide poisonings are rare unless what happens?
Concentrate or tank mix is ingested
Phenoxy herbicides are an indirect cause of what?
nitrate poisoning
Phenoxy herbicides have ____ distribution, _____ accumulation, _____ metabolism, and is excreted in ______.
Wide, little, little, and urine
What is the MOA of phenoxy herbicides?
Dogs - decreased chloride conductance
Decreased ribonuclease synthesis which decreases proteins
Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation
What clinical effects does phenoxy herbicide toxicosis cause in cattle?
Anorexia, diarrhea, rumen stasis and bloat, and oral ulceration
What clinical effects does phenoxy herbicide toxicosis cause in dogs?
Vomiting, diarrhea, posterior weakness, and seizures
What will you see on chemistry in patients with herbicide toxicosis?
Increased ALP and CPK
What samples will you use for diagnosis of phenoxy herbicide toxicosis?
Forage, rumen, and urine
How is phenoxy herbicide toxicosis treated?
Decontamination (emesis and AC) and supportive care
What clinical signs can roundup (glyphosate) cause?
Ocular irritation, contact dermatitis, and GI irritation
What is the MOA of dinitro compounds?
Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation which decreases ATP
What concerns do we have with Atrazine toxicosis?
reproductive concerns
What are the sources of fungicides?
Seed protectants
Fruit, vegetable, crop, and grass applications
Wood preservatives
Why is toxic chemical is in CCA treated wood?
25% arsenic which presents a hazard to livestock
What are the most toxic herbicides overall?
Dipyridyl products
