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Toxicology > Unit 2 - Non-Protein Nitrogen/Urea Ammoniated Forages > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Non-Protein Nitrogen/Urea Ammoniated Forages Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sources of urea for toxicosis?

A

Pelleted feed, premixes, and liquid mineral

Fertilizers

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2
Q

Normally, what does urea do in the rumen?

A

Urease rapidly converts urea to ammonia which is synthesized to protein

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3
Q

What happens to ammonia that is in the rumen when the pH is > 8?

A

Ammonia is absorbed into the blood stream, is converted into urea in the liver, and is excreted in the urine

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4
Q

What happens to ammonia in the rumen when the pH is <7?

A

It is cnverted into ammonium

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5
Q

What is the MOA of urea intoxication?

A
  1. Urease hydrolyzes urea to ammonia in the rumen
  2. Ammonia is absorbed into blood
  3. Excessive ammonia overwhelms the liver and it can’t be converted to urea
  4. There is elevated blood ammonia levels that cross the BBB
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6
Q

What species are susceptible to urea toxicity?

A

Ruminants; poisoning of monogastric species

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7
Q

At what temperature, pH, and NH3 level is optimal urease activity?

A

120 F
pH of 7.7-8
NH3 - 0.5-2

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8
Q

What are the causes of urea intoxication?

A

Feed associated - misformulation/excess, direct feeding of protein pellets, wrong species, and sudden introduction at high levels
Urea based fertilizers - barn-break in, application on forages
Water

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9
Q

What are the predisposing factors to urea intoxication?

A 
Poor carbohydrate diet
Inadequate adaptation
High rumen pH and temp
Hepatic insufficiency
Unrestricted access to supplements
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10
Q

When is the onset of clinical signs for urea toxicosis?

A

10 minutes - hours post consumption

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11
Q

What clinical signs are associated with urea toxicosis?

A 
Salivation and bruxism
Muscle tremors and incoordination
Polyuria (dribbling)
Weakness
Tachypnea
Violent spasms/seizures
Acute death
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12
Q

What biological samples can be collected for detection of ammonia in suspect cases of urea toxicosis?

A

Ocular fluid, rumen content, and serum

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13
Q

What samples can you use to detect urea in suspect toxicosis cases?

A

Water, feed, forage

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14
Q

T/F: Samples can be collected at any point for diagnosis of urea toxicosis.

A

False - they need to be collected ASAP, If it has been >12 hours there is no point

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15
Q

What rumen pH can be diagnostic for urea toxicosis?

A

8-9.2

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16
Q

How is urea toxicosis treated?

A

Stop further ammonia production in rumen
Decrease urease activity - cold water and acetic acid
Triage
Activated charcoal is ineffective

17
Q

What do raw soybeans have high concentrations of?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, urease

18
Q

What does overconsumption of raw soybeans result in?

A

Ammonia toxicosis and lactic acidosis

19
Q

What are the sources for raw soybean toxicosis?

A

Spills, barn-break in, and soybean field

20
Q

What clinical signs are associated with raw soybean toxicosis?

A

Lethargy/depression, salivation, polyuria, increased respiratory rate, death

21
Q

How is raw soybean toxicosis diagnosed?

A

History of exposure, gray/sludgey rumen with soybeans, elevated rumen or ocular ammonia

22
Q

How is raw soybean toxicosis treated?

A

In acute cases treat the ammonia toxicosis

If >8 hours post ingestion treat carbohydrate overload and rumen acidosis

23
Q

What is ammoniated forages also known as?

A

Bovine bonkers syndrome

24
Q

What is the MOA of ammoniated forages toxicosis?

A

Imidazoles form from browing reaction with amino groups and a reducing compound (sugar) which are convulsion inducing compounds

25
Q

What clinical signs are associated with ammoniated forage toxicosis?

A 
Trembling
Stampeding
Interrupted periods of calm
Dilated pupils
Rapid respiration
Urination, salivation, defecation
Bellowing and seizures
Star gazing
26
Q

How is ammoniated forages toxicosis diagnosed?

A

Remove feed and watch for a rapid recovery

Assay for imidazoles in forage, milk, or serum

27
Q

How is ammoniated forages toxicosis treated?

A

Sedative and thiamine

Toxicology (32 decks)

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