Unit 1 - Fundamentals of Toxicology Flashcards by Jessica Carson

Define poison.

Any solid, liquid, or gas that when introduced into a biological system can interfere with the life processes of the cells of the organism

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What is a toxicant?

Essentially the same as a poison, but is less harsh

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What is a toxin?

a poison that originates from a biological process

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What is the difference between venomous and poisonous?

Venomous is a toxin that is delivered via a bite or a sting and poisonous is a poisoning that occurs via ingestion

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Define toxic.

The adverse effects of poisons on living systems

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Define toxicosis.

The disease state of being poisoned

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Define toxicity.

The quantity or amount of toxicant that under a certain set of conditions will cause adverse effects

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What is LD50?

The dosage where it is lethal to 50% of the population

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What is ED50?

The dosage where the desired effect occurs to 50% of the population

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What does NOEL stand for?

No Observed Effect Level

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What does NOAEL stand for?

No Observed Adverse Effect Level

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What does HNTD stand for?

Highest Non-Toxic Dose

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What does MLD stand for?

Minimum Lethal Dose

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Define dose.

The amount of toxicant that is received per animal

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Define dosage.

The amount of toxicant per unit of animal mass or weight - time can also be included

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What assumptions need to be made for the dose-response theory/model?

Response is due to chemical administration or exposure
The magnitude of the responses is dose related
There is a quantifiable method of measuring the toxic endpoint

What big questions need to be asked regarding a suspect toxicity case?

What was the response?
Where was the response?
When was the response?
Why was there a response?
How did the response come about?

What should you always ask in a suspect toxicity case in regards to timing?

You should always ask if anything recent has occurred

Chronicity Index
CF = (1d(acute)LD50)/(90dLD50)
What does the 1 stand for?

1 - no cumulative effect

Chronicity Index
CF = (1d(acute)LD50)/(90dLD50)
What does the 90 stand for?

90 - absolute cumulative effect

What is a risk/hazard?

The likelihood of poisoning occurring under the conditions of usage

What factors affect response to a toxin?

Physiologic, environmental, nutritional status, health status, dose, physical nature of agent, solubility, route of exposure, and chemical interactions

What physiologic factors affect response to a toxin?

Species, breed, age, sex, pregnancy, and lactation

What environmental factors affect response to a toxin?

Season toxicosis, noxious vegetation, areas with loud noises, and water quality and quantity

What forms of chemical interactions can affect the response to a toxin?

Additive, synergistic, potentiation, and antagonism

1 mg/kg = ___ ppm

In order to change % to ppm, you need to move the decimal point ___ spaces to the right.

4 (so multiply by 10,000)

In order to to change ppm to %, you need to move the decimal point ____ spaces to the left.

4 (so divide by 10,000)

1 lb/acre = ___ mg chemical/kg BW

Express the following in ppm and in percent: 17 fluid ounces in 12 liters 1 L = 33.814 fl. oz

4.19% | 41,900 ppm

Express the following in ppm and in percent: 0.25 quarts in 56 gallons 1 gallon = 4 qts

0.1116% | 1116 ppm

Express the following in ppm and in percent: | 9.27 grams in 1 kg

0.927% | 9270 ppm

Express the following in ppm and in percent: 3 lb of molybdenium in 1000 bushel of soybeans HINT: 1 bushel = 60 lb

0.005% | 50 ppm

Express the following in ppm and in percent: 34 fluid ounces in 200 gallons 1 gallon = 128 fl. oz

0.1328% | 1328 ppm

Express the following in ppm and in percent: 54 mg caffeine in 12 oz Mountain Dew 1 oz = 28349.5 mg

0.0152% | 152 ppm

A sheep producer was sold a mineral premix containing Ca, Zn, Fe, Se and Cu to mix in his sheep feed. The copper content of this premix was listed as 0.07%. If one 50 pound bag of this premix is mixed in one ton of feed, how much would the copper level of the feed in ppm?

0. 00175% 17. 5 ppm Math: (0. 07/100) x 50 = 0.035 lbs 0. 035/2000 lbs = 0.0000175 0. 0000175 x 100 = 0.00175%

The recommendation for treating gapeworms in Hungarian partridges is to mix fenbendazole in the feed at the level of 200 ppm. Feed grade fenbendazole is available as an 8% premix. How many ounces of this premix would it take to make 50 pounds of medicated feed? 1 oz = 28.53 g

~2 oz fenbendazole meal ``` Math: Convert 50lbs into kg: 50/2.2 = 22.72 kg Convert 200 ppm to mg/kg: 200 mg/kg Set up equation: (22.72 kg) (200 mg/kg) = 0.08X Solve for X 4545.454 mg = 0.08X X = 56,818.175 mg -> 56.818 g 56.818/28.53 = 1.99 ```

Rampage® rodenticide is available in 30 gram packets. The active ingredient is 0.075%. What is the dosage (in mg/kg bwt) to a 44 pound dog that eats 25 of these packets?

~28 mg/kg ``` Math: 44 lbs/2.2 = 20 kg 30 g x 0.00075 = 0.0225 g 0.0225 x 1000 = 22.5 mg 22.5 mg x 25 packets = 562.5 mg (this would be the dose) 562.5 mg / 20 kg = 28.125 mg/kg ```

The minimum toxic oral dose of Ruelene® in dairy calves is 50 mg/kg bwt. How many grams of a 25% Ruelene wettable powder would have to be given to a 100 pound calf to provide the 50 mg/kg bwt dosage?

9.08 g powder ``` Math: 100 lbs/2.2 = 45.5 kg 45.5 kg x 50 mg/kg = 2,270 mg 2,270 mg is the toxic dose, however it is only 25% of the power, so you have to give 4x the amount of the powder in order to get the 2,270 mg dose. 2,270 mg x 4 (or /.25) = 9080 mg 9080 mg/ 1000 = 9.08 g ```