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Toxicology > Unit 1 - Fundamentals of Toxicology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Fundamentals of Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Define poison.

A

Any solid, liquid, or gas that when introduced into a biological system can interfere with the life processes of the cells of the organism

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2
Q

What is a toxicant?

A

Essentially the same as a poison, but is less harsh

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3
Q

What is a toxin?

A

a poison that originates from a biological process

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4
Q

What is the difference between venomous and poisonous?

A

Venomous is a toxin that is delivered via a bite or a sting and poisonous is a poisoning that occurs via ingestion

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5
Q

Define toxic.

A

The adverse effects of poisons on living systems

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6
Q

Define toxicosis.

A

The disease state of being poisoned

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7
Q

Define toxicity.

A

The quantity or amount of toxicant that under a certain set of conditions will cause adverse effects

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8
Q

What is LD50?

A

The dosage where it is lethal to 50% of the population

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9
Q

What is ED50?

A

The dosage where the desired effect occurs to 50% of the population

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10
Q

What does NOEL stand for?

A

No Observed Effect Level

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11
Q

What does NOAEL stand for?

A

No Observed Adverse Effect Level

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12
Q

What does HNTD stand for?

A

Highest Non-Toxic Dose

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13
Q

What does MLD stand for?

A

Minimum Lethal Dose

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14
Q

Define dose.

A

The amount of toxicant that is received per animal

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15
Q

Define dosage.

A

The amount of toxicant per unit of animal mass or weight - time can also be included

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16
Q

What assumptions need to be made for the dose-response theory/model?

A

Response is due to chemical administration or exposure
The magnitude of the responses is dose related
There is a quantifiable method of measuring the toxic endpoint

17
Q

What big questions need to be asked regarding a suspect toxicity case?

A 
What was the response?
Where was the response?
When was the response?
Why was there a response?
How did the response come about?
18
Q

What should you always ask in a suspect toxicity case in regards to timing?

A

You should always ask if anything recent has occurred

19
Q

Chronicity Index
CF = (1d(acute)LD50)/(90dLD50)
What does the 1 stand for?

A

1 - no cumulative effect

20
Q

Chronicity Index
CF = (1d(acute)LD50)/(90dLD50)
What does the 90 stand for?

A

90 - absolute cumulative effect

21
Q

What is a risk/hazard?

A

The likelihood of poisoning occurring under the conditions of usage

22
Q

What factors affect response to a toxin?

A

Physiologic, environmental, nutritional status, health status, dose, physical nature of agent, solubility, route of exposure, and chemical interactions

23
Q

What physiologic factors affect response to a toxin?

A

Species, breed, age, sex, pregnancy, and lactation

24
Q

What environmental factors affect response to a toxin?

A

Season toxicosis, noxious vegetation, areas with loud noises, and water quality and quantity

25
Q

What forms of chemical interactions can affect the response to a toxin?

A

Additive, synergistic, potentiation, and antagonism

26
Q

1 mg/kg = ___ ppm

A

1

27
Q

In order to change % to ppm, you need to move the decimal point ___ spaces to the right.

A

4 (so multiply by 10,000)

28
Q

In order to to change ppm to %, you need to move the decimal point ____ spaces to the left.

A

4 (so divide by 10,000)

29
Q

1 lb/acre = ___ mg chemical/kg BW

A

7

30
Q

Express the following in ppm and in percent:
17 fluid ounces in 12 liters

1 L = 33.814 fl. oz

A

4.19%

41,900 ppm

31
Q

Express the following in ppm and in percent:
0.25 quarts in 56 gallons

1 gallon = 4 qts

A

0.1116%

1116 ppm

32
Q

Express the following in ppm and in percent:

9.27 grams in 1 kg

A

0.927%

9270 ppm

33
Q

Express the following in ppm and in percent:
3 lb of molybdenium in 1000 bushel of soybeans
HINT: 1 bushel = 60 lb

A

0.005%

50 ppm

34
Q

Express the following in ppm and in percent:
34 fluid ounces in 200 gallons

1 gallon = 128 fl. oz

A

0.1328%

1328 ppm

35
Q

Express the following in ppm and in percent:
54 mg caffeine in 12 oz Mountain Dew

1 oz = 28349.5 mg

A

0.0152%

152 ppm

36
Q

A sheep producer was sold a mineral premix containing Ca, Zn, Fe, Se and Cu to mix in his sheep
feed. The copper content of this premix was listed as 0.07%. If one 50 pound bag of this premix is
mixed in one ton of feed, how much would the copper level of the feed in ppm?

A
  1. 00175%
  2. 5 ppm

Math:

(0. 07/100) x 50 = 0.035 lbs
0. 035/2000 lbs = 0.0000175
0. 0000175 x 100 = 0.00175%

37
Q

The recommendation for treating gapeworms in Hungarian partridges is to mix fenbendazole in
the feed at the level of 200 ppm. Feed grade fenbendazole is available as an 8% premix. How many
ounces of this premix would it take to make 50 pounds of medicated feed?

1 oz = 28.53 g

A

~2 oz fenbendazole meal

Math:
Convert 50lbs into kg: 50/2.2 = 22.72 kg
Convert 200 ppm to mg/kg: 200 mg/kg
Set up equation: (22.72 kg) (200 mg/kg) = 0.08X
Solve for X
4545.454 mg = 0.08X
X = 56,818.175 mg -> 56.818 g
56.818/28.53 = 1.99
38
Q

Rampage® rodenticide is available in 30 gram packets. The active ingredient is 0.075%. What is the dosage (in mg/kg bwt) to a 44 pound dog that eats 25 of these packets?

A

~28 mg/kg

Math:
44 lbs/2.2 = 20 kg
30 g x 0.00075 = 0.0225 g
0.0225 x 1000 = 22.5 mg
22.5 mg x 25 packets = 562.5 mg (this would be the dose)
562.5 mg / 20 kg = 28.125 mg/kg
39
Q

The minimum toxic oral dose of Ruelene® in dairy calves is 50 mg/kg bwt. How many grams of a 25% Ruelene wettable powder would have to be given to a 100 pound calf to provide the 50 mg/kg bwt dosage?

A

9.08 g powder

Math:
100 lbs/2.2 = 45.5 kg
45.5 kg x 50 mg/kg = 2,270 mg
2,270 mg  is the toxic dose, however it is only 25% of the power, so you have to give 4x the amount of the powder in order to get the 2,270 mg dose.
2,270 mg x 4 (or /.25) = 9080 mg
9080 mg/ 1000 = 9.08 g

Toxicology (32 decks)

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