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Toxicology > Unit 2 - Water Quality and Blue-Green Algae > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Water Quality and Blue-Green Algae Flashcards

1
Q

What is the number 1 nutrient for all species?

A

water

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2
Q

What are some considerations that need to be taken for well water quality?

A

Age, depth, type of pump, duration of water use, contamination, treatments, and water flow/pressure

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3
Q

What is human drinking water regulated by?

A

the EPA

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4
Q

What is animal drinking water regulated by?

A

the FDA

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5
Q

What is the pasteurized milk ordinance for water supply?

A

Water for milk plant purposes shall be from a supply properly located, protected and operated and shall be easily accessible, adequate and of a safe, sanitary quality

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6
Q

What are the physical and aesthetic standards for water quality?

A

Taste, color, odor, and turbidity

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7
Q

What are coliforms?

A

Bacteria capable of fermenting lactose with the production of acid and gas in 48 hours at 35 C under erobic conditions
Found naturally in GI tract of animals

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8
Q

What are finding coliforms in water indicators of?

A

fecal contamination

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9
Q

What are the coliform standards for humans?

A

<3/100 mL

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10
Q

What are the coliform standards for animals?

A

<5,000/100 mL - essentially no limit

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11
Q

If salinity or total dissolved solids is <1000 ppm, what does that indicate?

A

No health problems

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12
Q

If salinity or total dissolved solids is 1,000-5,0000 ppm, what will that cause?

A

Transient diarrhea and increased water consumption

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13
Q

If salinity or total dissolved solids is >5000 ppm, what populations are at risk for developing problems?

A

risk for pregnant, lactating, or stressed animals

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14
Q

How do you calculate water hardness?

A

Ca + Mg

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15
Q

T/F: Water hardness can adversely affect animal health and consumption.

A

False - it does not adversely affect them

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16
Q

What does iron do in the water supply?

A

It is utilized by coliforms, foul smelling, and can clog lines and fixtures

17
Q

What is the ideal container for sample collection?

A

500 mL of a sample, clean containers, and a sample after its been runing for a few seconds

18
Q

How can water be disinfected?

A

Ultraviolet light, chloride, and peroxide

19
Q

What types of filters are used in water treatment?

A 
Manganese green sand filter
Activated charcoal
Reverse osmosis
Distillation
Cellulose filter
20
Q

How does chlorination work (i.e. what does it do for disifenction)?

A

Chlorine reacts with organic matter and destroys bacteria

21
Q

How can you measure chlorine levels?

A

With test strips

22
Q

What do cyanobacteria produce?

A

Harmful algal blooms

23
Q

During what time of the year are cyanobacteria problematic?

A

Summer through fall

24
Q

What are the predisposing factors to cyanobacteria production?

A

Excessive nitrate and phosphorus run-off and stagnant water

25
Q

T/F: Multiple toxins can be produced by the same species of cyanobacteria.

A

True

26
Q

What does anatoxin-A affect?

A

Affects nerve synapses

27
Q

What is the MOA of anatoxin-A?

A

Post synaptic cholinergic nicotinic agonist - depolarizing NM blockade

28
Q

What does anatoxin-A(S) affect?

A

nerve synapses

29
Q

What is the MOA of anatoxin-A(S)?

A

It inhibits cholinesterase and does not cross the bbb

30
Q

What clinical signs are associated with anatoxin-A(S)?

A

Salivation, lacrmation, urination, defecation, ataxia, tremors/seizures, and vomiting

31
Q

What does saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin affect?

A

The nerve synapse and axons

32
Q

What is the MOA of saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin?

A
  1. Binds directly into the pore of the channel
  2. Blocks Na flow
  3. Paralysis
33
Q

What clinical signs are associated with saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin?

A

Weakness, staggering, difficulty swallowing, respiratory distress, paralysis, and death

34
Q

What does saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin cause in humans?

A

Tingling around the mouth and fingeretips and slurred speech

35
Q

What causes microcystis?

A

A unicellular cyanobacteria that appears as colonies and produces a hepatotoxin

36
Q

What samples should be collected for diagnosis of suspect cases of cyanobacteria?

A

Water (250 mL) and stomach contents (presence of algae or toxin) for microscopic examination and LC/MS/MS

37
Q

How is cyanobacteria toxicosis treated?

A

Supportive care, wash the animal as soon as possible, activated charcoal, and prevent further exposure to animals

Toxicology (32 decks)

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