Unit 2 - Water Quality and Blue-Green Algae Flashcards
What is the number 1 nutrient for all species?
water
What are some considerations that need to be taken for well water quality?
Age, depth, type of pump, duration of water use, contamination, treatments, and water flow/pressure
What is human drinking water regulated by?
the EPA
What is animal drinking water regulated by?
the FDA
What is the pasteurized milk ordinance for water supply?
Water for milk plant purposes shall be from a supply properly located, protected and operated and shall be easily accessible, adequate and of a safe, sanitary quality
What are the physical and aesthetic standards for water quality?
Taste, color, odor, and turbidity
What are coliforms?
Bacteria capable of fermenting lactose with the production of acid and gas in 48 hours at 35 C under erobic conditions
Found naturally in GI tract of animals
What are finding coliforms in water indicators of?
fecal contamination
What are the coliform standards for humans?
<3/100 mL
What are the coliform standards for animals?
<5,000/100 mL - essentially no limit
If salinity or total dissolved solids is <1000 ppm, what does that indicate?
No health problems
If salinity or total dissolved solids is 1,000-5,0000 ppm, what will that cause?
Transient diarrhea and increased water consumption
If salinity or total dissolved solids is >5000 ppm, what populations are at risk for developing problems?
risk for pregnant, lactating, or stressed animals
How do you calculate water hardness?
Ca + Mg
T/F: Water hardness can adversely affect animal health and consumption.
False - it does not adversely affect them
What does iron do in the water supply?
It is utilized by coliforms, foul smelling, and can clog lines and fixtures
What is the ideal container for sample collection?
500 mL of a sample, clean containers, and a sample after its been runing for a few seconds
How can water be disinfected?
Ultraviolet light, chloride, and peroxide
What types of filters are used in water treatment?
Manganese green sand filter Activated charcoal Reverse osmosis Distillation Cellulose filter
How does chlorination work (i.e. what does it do for disifenction)?
Chlorine reacts with organic matter and destroys bacteria
How can you measure chlorine levels?
With test strips
What do cyanobacteria produce?
Harmful algal blooms
During what time of the year are cyanobacteria problematic?
Summer through fall
What are the predisposing factors to cyanobacteria production?
Excessive nitrate and phosphorus run-off and stagnant water
T/F: Multiple toxins can be produced by the same species of cyanobacteria.
True
What does anatoxin-A affect?
Affects nerve synapses
What is the MOA of anatoxin-A?
Post synaptic cholinergic nicotinic agonist - depolarizing NM blockade
What does anatoxin-A(S) affect?
nerve synapses
What is the MOA of anatoxin-A(S)?
It inhibits cholinesterase and does not cross the bbb
What clinical signs are associated with anatoxin-A(S)?
Salivation, lacrmation, urination, defecation, ataxia, tremors/seizures, and vomiting
What does saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin affect?
The nerve synapse and axons
What is the MOA of saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin?
- Binds directly into the pore of the channel
- Blocks Na flow
- Paralysis
What clinical signs are associated with saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin?
Weakness, staggering, difficulty swallowing, respiratory distress, paralysis, and death
What does saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin cause in humans?
Tingling around the mouth and fingeretips and slurred speech
What causes microcystis?
A unicellular cyanobacteria that appears as colonies and produces a hepatotoxin
What samples should be collected for diagnosis of suspect cases of cyanobacteria?
Water (250 mL) and stomach contents (presence of algae or toxin) for microscopic examination and LC/MS/MS
How is cyanobacteria toxicosis treated?
Supportive care, wash the animal as soon as possible, activated charcoal, and prevent further exposure to animals
