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Toxicology > Unit 2 - Ionophore and Gossypol > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Ionophore and Gossypol Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ionophore?

A

A substance that can transport ions across a lipid membrane within a cell

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2
Q

What are ionophores used for?

A

Feed efficiency and improved growth

Coccidiostat

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3
Q

How do ionophores improve feed efficiency?

A

They reduce gram + bacteria and favor gram - bacteria
The change in the gram -/gram + ratio increases propionic acid, decreases acetate, and decreases butyrate.
This all ultimately results in positively influenced protein metabolism and energy

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4
Q

What is the MOA of ionophore toxicosis?

A

Homeostatic mechanisms fail and there is an increase in Ca and Na
The Ca influx results in a free radical formation and thus oxidative damage to tissues

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5
Q

What is the role of Tiamulin in ionophore toxicosis?

A

It directly inhibits CP450 enzymes which results in ionophore accumulation

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6
Q

What is the most sensitive species to ionophore toxicosis?

A

Horses

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7
Q

What can cause ionophore toxicosis?

A

Mixing errors, delivery errors, history of eating cattle feed (dogs), barn-break in, and antibiotic synergism

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8
Q

T/F: Ionophore toxicosis is the most mis-diagnosed toxicosis in large animals.

A

True

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9
Q

When is the onset of clinical signs with ionophore toxicosis?

A

12-72 hours

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10
Q

What clinical signs are associated with ionophore toxicosis in horses?

A 
Anorexia
Sweating
Colic
Progressive ataxia
Posterior paresis
Laterally recumbent
Tachycardia
Hypotensive
Death (within 24 hours)
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11
Q

What clinical signs are associated with ionophore toxicosis in cattle?

A 
Anorexia
Diarrhea
Weakness/ataxia
Recumbency
Dyspnea - subcutaneous edema, distended jugular, and bottle jaw
Death
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12
Q

What clinical signs are associated with ionophore toxicosis in swine?

A 
Anorexia
Tremors
Weakness
Collapse
Dog-sitting
Unable to rise/move
Increased vocalization
Centrally aware

Sheep signs are similar

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13
Q

What clinical signs are associated with ionophore toxicosis in dogs?

A

Flaccid ascending paralysis
Alert
Appears like botulism

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14
Q

High doses of ionophore toxicosis in dogs results in death. Why?

A

The flaccid ascending paralysis causes respiratory paralysis which results in deathq

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15
Q

What clinical signs are associated with ionophore toxicosis in poultry?

A 
Anorexia and diarrhea
Weak and ataxic
Drooped head and wings
Sternal recumbency
Paralysis
Infertile eggs
Early embryonic death
Weak at hatching
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16
Q

For potential cases of ionophore toxicosis, what is are the ideal samples for histopath in cattle? Horses? Swine? Sheep? Dogs?

A

Cattle and Horses: Cardiac and skeletal muscle

Swine, sheep, dogs: Skeletal muscle (gluteal, loins, quadriceps, and diaphragm)

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17
Q

What cardiac tissue for cattle and horses is especially important for diagnosis of ionophore toxicosis?

A

Left papillary muscle

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18
Q

What other sample can you get from cattle and horses that can aid in diagnosis of ionophore toxicosis? What is it tested for?

A

Serum for cardiac troponins to determine if there has been cardiac damage

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19
Q

What antemortem sample can be tested for presence of ionophores?

A

feed

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20
Q

T/F: One section is plenty to detect ionophores in cases of toxicosis.

A

False - it is very important to collect multiple samples

21
Q

What will a CBC show you in a patient with ionophore toxicosis?

A

Leukocytosis

22
Q

What will a serum chemistry show you in a patient with ionophore toxicosis?

A

Elevated cardiac troponins
Elevated AST, CPK, and protein
Decreased K, Na, and Ca

23
Q

What will a UA show you in a patient with ionophore toxicosis?

A

Elevated glucose, protein, myoglobin, and hemoglobin

Decreased USG

24
Q

T/F: Clinical chemistry in ionophore toxicosis cases can be variable.

25
Q

What gross lesions are associated with ionophore toxicosis in equine and cattle?

A

Myocardial necrosis (pallor and streaking of cardiac tissue) and skeletal muscle necrosis

26
Q

What microscopic cardiac lesions are associated with ionophore toxicosis?

A 
Hyalinized
Fragmented
Loss of cross striations
Neutrophils and macrophage infiltration
Mineralization
27
Q

What additional lesions are associated with ionophore toxicosis?

A

Ascites
Hydrothorax
Pulmonary edema
Hepatic congestion

28
Q

What lesions are associated with ionophore toxicosis in swine, sheep, and dogs?

A

Skeletal muscle necrosis (acute necrotizing myocytis)

29
Q

What lesions are associated with ionophore toxicosis in poultry?

A 
Cardiac and skeletal muscle necrosis
Pulmonary and hepatic edema
Gastroenteritis
Ascites and hydro pericardium
Gross lesions not commonly observed
30
Q

How is ionophore toxicosis diagnosed?

A

History of exposure
Corresponding clinical signs and lesions
Presence of ionophore in feed

31
Q

How is ionophore toxicosis treated?

A

Remove source
No antidote
Reduce stress - decrease cardiac load
Vitamin E/Selenium - limit oxidative damage

32
Q

How is ionophore toxicosis prevented?

A

Good milling practices
Correct storage of materials
Communication

33
Q

What are the sources of gossypol toxicosis?

A

Cotton seed meal
Cotton seed cake
Whole cotton seed

34
Q

What form of gossypol is toxic?

A

The free form - when it is bound, it is non-toxic

35
Q

What is the speculated MOA of gossypol?

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis
Disruption of the electron transport chain resulting in tissue degeneration
Inhibits spermatogenesis
Chelates iron

36
Q

What species are susceptible to gossypol?

A

Swine, pre-ruminant sheep, pre-ruminant calves, dogs, rabbits, and guinea pigs

37
Q

What species are generally resistant to gossypol?

A

Ruminants and horses

38
Q

T/F: The affects of Gossypol are cumulative.

39
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Gossypol toxicosis in swine?

A

Anorexia, weight loss/emaciation, slow growth

Weakness, dyspnea, generalized edema, death

40
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Gossypol toxicosis in pre-ruminants?

A

sudden death

41
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Gossypol toxicosis in dogs and bulls?

A

decreased fertility

42
Q

What clinical signs are associated with Gossypol toxicosis in dairy cattle?

A

Ill thrift, decreased heat tolerance, and decreased fertility

43
Q

What are the ideal tissue samples for histology in cases of Gossypol toxicosis?

A

Heart, liver, lung

44
Q

T/F: You cannot test feed for Gossypol concentration.

A

False - you can

45
Q

What gross lesions are associated with gossypol toxicosis?

A

Widespread congestion and edema, ascites, and hydrothorax
Enlarged/flabby heart, pale/streaking
Pale, friable, and swollen liver
+/- pale skeletal muscles

46
Q

What microscopic lesions are associated with gossypol toxicosis?

A

Myocardial degeneration and necrosis
Interlobular edema of the lungs
Centrilobular hepatic necrosis

47
Q

How is gossypol toxicosis diagnosed?

A

History of exposure
Corresponding clinical signs and lesions
Presence in feed - >1000 ppm

48
Q

How is gossypol toxicosis treated?

A

Remove source from diet
Decrease stressors
Supplementation of iron, protein, vitamin A, and lysine

No antidote

Toxicology (32 decks)

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