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Toxicology > Unit 2 - Ionophore and Gossypol > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Ionophore and Gossypol Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ionophore?

A

A substance that can transport ions across a lipid membrane within a cell

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2
Q

What are ionophores used for?

A

Feed efficiency and improved growth

Coccidiostat

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3
Q

How do ionophores improve feed efficiency?

A

They reduce gram + bacteria and favor gram - bacteria
The change in the gram -/gram + ratio increases propionic acid, decreases acetate, and decreases butyrate.
This all ultimately results in positively influenced protein metabolism and energy

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4
Q

What is the MOA of ionophore toxicosis?

A

Homeostatic mechanisms fail and there is an increase in Ca and Na
The Ca influx results in a free radical formation and thus oxidative damage to tissues

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5
Q

What is the role of Tiamulin in ionophore toxicosis?

A

It directly inhibits CP450 enzymes which results in ionophore accumulation

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6
Q

What is the most sensitive species to ionophore toxicosis?

A

Horses

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7
Q

What can cause ionophore toxicosis?

A

Mixing errors, delivery errors, history of eating cattle feed (dogs), barn-break in, and antibiotic synergism

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8
Q

T/F: Ionophore toxicosis is the most mis-diagnosed toxicosis in large animals.

A

True

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9
Q

When is the onset of clinical signs with ionophore toxicosis?

A

12-72 hours

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10
Q

What clinical signs are associated with ionophore toxicosis in horses?

A 
Anorexia
Sweating
Colic
Progressive ataxia
Posterior paresis
Laterally recumbent
Tachycardia
Hypotensive
Death (within 24 hours)
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11
Q

What clinical signs are associated with ionophore toxicosis in cattle?

A 
Anorexia
Diarrhea
Weakness/ataxia
Recumbency
Dyspnea - subcutaneous edema, distended jugular, and bottle jaw
Death
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12
Q

What clinical signs are associated with ionophore toxicosis in swine?

A 
Anorexia
Tremors
Weakness
Collapse
Dog-sitting
Unable to rise/move
Increased vocalization
Centrally aware

Sheep signs are similar

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13
Q

What clinical signs are associated with ionophore toxicosis in dogs?

A

Flaccid ascending paralysis
Alert
Appears like botulism

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14
Q

High doses of ionophore toxicosis in dogs results in death. Why?

A

The flaccid ascending paralysis causes respiratory paralysis which results in deathq

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15
Q

What clinical signs are associated with ionophore toxicosis in poultry?

A 
Anorexia and diarrhea
Weak and ataxic
Drooped head and wings
Sternal recumbency
Paralysis
Infertile eggs
Early embryonic death
Weak at hatching
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16
Q

For potential cases of ionophore toxicosis, what is are the ideal samples for histopath in cattle? Horses? Swine? Sheep? Dogs?

A

Cattle and Horses: Cardiac and skeletal muscle

Swine, sheep, dogs: Skeletal muscle (gluteal, loins, quadriceps, and diaphragm)

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17
Q

What cardiac tissue for cattle and horses is especially important for diagnosis of ionophore toxicosis?

A

Left papillary muscle

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18
Q

What other sample can you get from cattle and horses that can aid in diagnosis of ionophore toxicosis? What is it tested for?

A

Serum for cardiac troponins to determine if there has been cardiac damage

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19
Q

What antemortem sample can be tested for presence of ionophores?

A

feed

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20
Q

T/F: One section is plenty to detect ionophores in cases of toxicosis.

A

False - it is very important to collect multiple samples

21
Q

What will a CBC show you in a patient with ionophore toxicosis?

A

Leukocytosis

22
Q

What will a serum chemistry show you in a patient with ionophore toxicosis?

A

Elevated cardiac troponins
Elevated AST, CPK, and protein
Decreased K, Na, and Ca

23
Q

What will a UA show you in a patient with ionophore toxicosis?

A

Elevated glucose, protein, myoglobin, and hemoglobin

Decreased USG

24
Q

T/F: Clinical chemistry in ionophore toxicosis cases can be variable.

25
What gross lesions are associated with ionophore toxicosis in equine and cattle?
Myocardial necrosis (pallor and streaking of cardiac tissue) and skeletal muscle necrosis
26
What microscopic cardiac lesions are associated with ionophore toxicosis?
``` Hyalinized Fragmented Loss of cross striations Neutrophils and macrophage infiltration Mineralization ```
27
What additional lesions are associated with ionophore toxicosis?
Ascites Hydrothorax Pulmonary edema Hepatic congestion
28
What lesions are associated with ionophore toxicosis in swine, sheep, and dogs?
Skeletal muscle necrosis (acute necrotizing myocytis)
29
What lesions are associated with ionophore toxicosis in poultry?
``` Cardiac and skeletal muscle necrosis Pulmonary and hepatic edema Gastroenteritis Ascites and hydro pericardium Gross lesions not commonly observed ```
30
How is ionophore toxicosis diagnosed?
History of exposure Corresponding clinical signs and lesions Presence of ionophore in feed
31
How is ionophore toxicosis treated?
Remove source No antidote Reduce stress - decrease cardiac load Vitamin E/Selenium - limit oxidative damage
32
How is ionophore toxicosis prevented?
Good milling practices Correct storage of materials Communication
33
What are the sources of gossypol toxicosis?
Cotton seed meal Cotton seed cake Whole cotton seed
34
What form of gossypol is toxic?
The free form - when it is bound, it is non-toxic
35
What is the speculated MOA of gossypol?
Inhibition of protein synthesis Disruption of the electron transport chain resulting in tissue degeneration Inhibits spermatogenesis Chelates iron
36
What species are susceptible to gossypol?
Swine, pre-ruminant sheep, pre-ruminant calves, dogs, rabbits, and guinea pigs
37
What species are generally resistant to gossypol?
Ruminants and horses
38
T/F: The affects of Gossypol are cumulative.
True
39
What clinical signs are associated with Gossypol toxicosis in swine?
Anorexia, weight loss/emaciation, slow growth | Weakness, dyspnea, generalized edema, death
40
What clinical signs are associated with Gossypol toxicosis in pre-ruminants?
sudden death
41
What clinical signs are associated with Gossypol toxicosis in dogs and bulls?
decreased fertility
42
What clinical signs are associated with Gossypol toxicosis in dairy cattle?
Ill thrift, decreased heat tolerance, and decreased fertility
43
What are the ideal tissue samples for histology in cases of Gossypol toxicosis?
Heart, liver, lung
44
T/F: You cannot test feed for Gossypol concentration.
False - you can
45
What gross lesions are associated with gossypol toxicosis?
Widespread congestion and edema, ascites, and hydrothorax Enlarged/flabby heart, pale/streaking Pale, friable, and swollen liver +/- pale skeletal muscles
46
What microscopic lesions are associated with gossypol toxicosis?
Myocardial degeneration and necrosis Interlobular edema of the lungs Centrilobular hepatic necrosis
47
How is gossypol toxicosis diagnosed?
History of exposure Corresponding clinical signs and lesions Presence in feed - >1000 ppm
48
How is gossypol toxicosis treated?
Remove source from diet Decrease stressors Supplementation of iron, protein, vitamin A, and lysine No antidote

Toxicology (32 decks)

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