Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Toxicology > Unit 2 - Nitrate and Cyanide > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Nitrate and Cyanide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the sources for nitrogen toxicosis (general)?

A

Plants, stunted plant growth, stressors, and non-plant sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The lower you go on corn, the (lower/higher) the concentration of nitrate.

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the non-plant sources of nitrate? Nitrite?

A

Nitrate - Water, fertilizer, gunpowder, explosives

Nitrite - pickling and curing brines, gunpowder, and explosives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the MOA of nitrate toxicosis?

A
  1. Nitrate (NO3) is converted in the rumen to nitrite (NO2)
  2. Nitrite is either converted to ammonia for microbial growth or there is excessive nitrite
  3. Excessive nitrite overwhelmes bacteria
  4. Nitrite goes into the blood
  5. Nitrite oxidizes ferrous iron to ferric iron
  6. Methemoglobin is produces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does methemoglobin do in the body?

A

It can’t carry oxygen which decreases O2 flow to tissues resulting in death by anoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does methemoglobin do to the color of blood?

A

It colors it brown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What species are the most susceptible to nitrate toxicosis?

A

Ruminants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What species are resistant to nitrate?

A

Horses, pigs, dogs, humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What species are suscpetible to nitrite toxicosis?

A

All species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why are monogastrics not susceptible to nitrate?

A

Because it cannot be broken down to nitrite in their tum tums

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the predisposing factors to nitrate toxicosis?

A

Rate of consumption, low energy diets, lack of adaptation, and methemoglobin reductase activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When is the onset of clinical signs for nitrate toxicosis?

A

Within minutes to several hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What clinical signs are associated with nitrate toxicosis?

A 
Weakness and ataxia
Cyanotic
Chocolate colored blood
Collapse
Respiratory distress
Abortions
Death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What samples can be collected for methemoglobin levels?

A

Ocular fluid, serum, and blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What sample can be taken to detect Nitrate/nitrite levels?

A

Feed, forage, water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What lesions are associated with nitrate toxicosis?

A

Congested and muddy tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the general steps for nitrate toxicosis diagnosis?

A

Chocolate brown blood
History of exposure
High ocular fluid or serum nitrate/nitrite concentrations
Detection of high nitrate/nitrite levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do you diagnose bovine abortions due to nitrate?

A
  1. Dam exhibits clinical signs of nitrate toxicosis
  2. Abortion with 1-2 weeks after onset in surviving dams
  3. Fetal ocular fluid nitrate > 20 ppm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How is nitrate toxicosis treated?

A

Prevent further exposure
‘Antidote’: methylene blue
Cold water and oral penicillin

20
Q

T/F: Methylene blue is the legally approved antidote for nitrate toxicosis in livestock.

A

False - there is no FDA legally approved antidotes for livestock

21
Q

How is nitrate toxicosis prevented?

A

ID and understand the major sources and circumstances for nitrate
Introduce ruminants to high risk forages slowly
Provide readily utilized energy source

22
Q

What human health concern is associated with nitrate?

A

Blue baby syndrome - low acid in gut resulting in higher bacterial populations and ultimately methemoglobinemia

23
Q

What are the synonyms for cyanide?

A

Cyanide, hydrocyanic acid, prussic acid, and hydrogen cyanide

24
Q

What are the sources for cyanide toxicosis?

A

Fumigants, pesticides, cyanide salts, fires, and plants

25
Q

When is the greatest cyanide potential in forages?

A

Greatest during early growth and then declines

26
Q

What increases cyanogenic concentration in forages?

A

Drought stress, increase temperature, shading, fertilizaiton, insect damage

27
Q

What converts cyanogenic glycoside to cyanide?

A

Physical damage to the plant results in release of intrinsic enzymes and the hydrolysis of cyanogenic glycoside to cyanide

28
Q

What physical damage can result the conversion of cyanogenic glycoside to cyanide?

A

Freezing, crushing, macerating, and cutting

29
Q

How do you avoid feeding cyanide to in baled forage to livestock?

A

Wait 72 hours after bailing to feed it - if you feed green chop its dangerous

30
Q

T/F: Cyanide can be detoxified endogenously.

A

TRUE

31
Q

What detoxifies cyanide endogenously?

A

Thiosulfate

32
Q

T/F: Cyanide effects are cumulative.

A

False - they arent

33
Q

T/F: Cattle can handle 4-5 times the lethal dose if administered slowly throughout the day.

A

TRUE

34
Q

What is the MOA of cyanide toxicosis?

A
  1. Cyanide ion combines with Fe in cyochrome oxidase system
  2. Inhibits reduction of O2 within ETC
  3. Inhibits transfer of O2 to tissues
  4. Inhibited cellular respiration
  5. anoxia
35
Q

What species are more susceptible to cyanide toxicity? Why?

A

Ruminants - The rumen microbes hydrolyze cyanogenic glycoside to cyanide

36
Q

Why are monogastrics less susceptible to cyanide?

A

There is decreased cyanogenic glycoside hydrolosis

37
Q

In order for cyanide toxicosis in monogastrics, what needs to happen?

A

They must consume raw plant material

38
Q

T/F: All species are susceptible to cyanide gas.

A

TRUE

39
Q

When is the onset of clinical signs for cyanide toxicosis?

A

Minutes to < 1hr

40
Q

What clinical signs are associated with cyanide toxicosis?

A 
Anoxia & ataxia
Dyspnea
Excitement and muscle tremors
Collapse
Seizures, coma, death
Bright 'cherry' red mucous membranes
41
Q

How do you test for cyanide levels?

A 
Whole blood
Rumen/stomach contents
Liver
Brain
Forage/plant material
Suspcted substance
42
Q

How is cyanide toxicosis treated?

A

Sodium nitrite in combination with sodium thiosulfate

43
Q

What is the mechanism of treatment for cyanide toxicosis?

A
  1. Na nitrate
  2. MetHb
  3. CNMetHb
  4. CN binds to thiosulfate
  5. Excreted as thiocyanate
44
Q

What is an alternate option of treatment for cyanide toxicosis?

A

Methylene blue - it reduces excess MetHb

45
Q

If the diagnosis of cyanide toxicosis is unclear, what should you give for treatment?

A

Methylene blue because you don’t want to cause nitrate poisoning

46
Q

What cyanide derivatives/products are of risks to humans?

A

Cyanide traps, terrorist/warfare agent, and seeds of fruit

Toxicology (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions