Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Toxicology > Unit 2 - Venoms and Poisons I > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Venoms and Poisons I Flashcards

1
Q

What are biotoxins?

A

Toxins of biological origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two primary functions of biotoxins?

A

Offense/predation

Defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three types of biotoxins?

A

Hemotoxins
Neurotoxins
Cytotoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do hemotoxins cause?

A

Hemolysis, thrombosis, and thrombolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do neurotoxins affect?

A

The nervous system of affected animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

At what level are cytotoxins toxic (biologically)?

A

At the cellular level either non-specifically or in certain cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does venomous mean?

A

Producing a toxin in a highly specialized secretory gland or group of cells and the toxin is delivered during biting or stinging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does poisonous mean?

A

A toxin accumulates in various body parts and poisoning occurs via ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F: A poisonous toxin can be delivered purposefully.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are offensive venoms oriented towards?

A

Predation and feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are offensive venoms generally associated with anatomically?

A

The oral pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are defensive venoms associated with anatomically?

A

The aboral pole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the characteristics of venoms?

A

They often are high molecular weight proteins, have enzymatic properties, and have more than one action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the characteristics of poisons?

A

Less likely to be proteins and are usually absorbed via the GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the general classes of venomous species?

A

Reptilia, Arachnida, and Hymenoptera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What reptilia families are venomous?

A

Snakes - Viperidae, Elapidae

Lizards - Heloderma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What arachnida species/insects are venomous?

A

Black widow, brown recluse, and scorpions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What hymenoptera insects are venomous?

A

Bees, wasps, and ants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What snakes of the Elapidae family are venomous?

A

Cobra, Coral, and sea snakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What snakes of the Viperidae family are venomous?

A

Rattlesnakes, copperhead, cottonmouth, bush vipers, and puff adder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the general characteristics of venomous snakes?

A

Poikilothermic, carnivorous, difficulty seeing stationary objects, detect movement via ground vibration, and have posteriorly curved teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are proteroglyphs?

A

Snakes with shortened maxillae and a few teeth

Fangs have a venom groove, often on the front

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are solenoglyphs?

A

Snakes with the smallest maxilla but support very large, mobile fangs
They can open their mouth to almost 180 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do solenoglyphs deliver venom?

A

Via needle-like, tubed channel; they have mobile fangs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What allows snakes to hinge their jaw and swallow prey much larger than their head?

A

The quadrate bone

Their mandibular symphysis is also formed by an elastic ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where are the fangs located in elapidae?

A

At the anterior end of the maxilla; they are deeply grooved and fixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Coral snakes are _____ ft. in body length. Venom dose (increases/decreases) with length. Envenomation requires a _______ action due to the poorly developed venom delivery system.

A

3-4ft
increases
chewing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does coral snake venom contain?

A

Neurotoxic polypeptides - non-depolarizing, irreversible binding
Enzymes - phospholipase A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When is the onset of clinical signs for coral snake envenomation?

A

It may be delayed for up to 12 hours

30
Q

What is the MOA of coral snake venom?

A

Post-synaptic neuromuscular blockade that lasts for 36-48 hours

31
Q

What clinical signs are associated with coral snake envenomation?

A 
Ascending flaccid paralysis
Hypotension
CNS depression
Salivation
Tachycardia +/- hemolysis
32
Q

What is death associated with coral snakes due to?

A

Respiratory failure

33
Q

What lesions are associated with coral snake bites?

A

Small puncture wounds

Bleeding with minimal tissue swelling

34
Q

What CBC/Chemistry changes are associated with coral snake bites?

A 
Hematuria
Hemoglobinuria
Myoglobinemia
Elevated CPK
Elevated Alkaline phosphatase
Anemia +/- spherocytes
35
Q

T/F: Spherocyte production due to coral snake envenomation is dose dependent. The direct effect of venom is IMHA.

A

False - Spherocyte production is dose dependent, but the direct effect is on erythrocyte membranes and not IMHA

36
Q

When does peak spherocytosis due to coral snake envenomation occur?

A

Around 5 days post-envenomation

37
Q

How is coral snake envenomation treated?

A

Close observation - may require ventilator support due to potential respiratory paralysis
Antivenin is no longer available

38
Q

Why are pit vipers called pit vipers?

A

They have a heat-sensing pit located between the eye and nostril on each side of the head

39
Q

How fast is the strike speed of pit vipers?

A

8 feet per second

40
Q

Describe the characteristics of rattlesnakes.

A

Most, but not all, sound off before striking with their keratin rattles in their crotalid tails
Their fangs are hollow and retractable

41
Q

How do rattle snakes envenomate?

A

The rotate and inject venom in a stabbing motion

42
Q

What are the components of rattlesnake venom?

A

Cytotoxins, neurotoxins, cardiotoxins, hemolysins, coagulants, anticoagulants, collagenases, kallikrein-like compounds
Hyaluronidase

43
Q

What does the kallikrein activity of rattlesnake venom lead to the formation of?

A

Bradykinin and plasmin

44
Q

T/F: Not all bites of rattlesnakes result in envenomation

A

True

45
Q

Why don’t all rattlesnake bites result in envenomation?

A

It takes approximately 21 days for vipers to replenish venom so if they bit something recently then they might not have produced any venom

46
Q

How can you differentiate between a dry and a wet rattlesnake bite?

A

If there are no signs in 8 hours it is likely a dry bite

47
Q

What clinical signs are associated with rattlesnake envenomation?

A

Local pain and swelling initially
Elevated temperature
Petechiation, ecchymosis, and skin discoloration
Hypotension and shock may develop in 3-36 hours
With time - continued swelling, pain, hemorrhage, tissue necrosis, and sloughing of tissue

48
Q

What species are most often affected by rattlesnakes?

A

Dogs

49
Q

What other species are affected by rattlesnake bites?

A

Horses and camelids, cattle, and cats

50
Q

When do rattlesnake bites typically occur in dogs?

Where are the most common sites of rattlesnake bites in dogs?

A

May to September

Head and front legs are the most common sites

51
Q

Where are the most common sites of rattle snake bites in horses and camelids?

A

Bites are most often on the muzzle; lower limbs less so

52
Q

Where are the most common sites of rattlesnake bites in cattle?

A

Tongue and muzzle

53
Q

T/F: Cats are more resistant to pit viper venom.

A

True

54
Q

Where are the most common sites of rattlesnake bites in cats?

A

On the torso

55
Q

What CBC/Chemistry abnormalities are associated with rattlesnake envenomation?

A

Hemolysis
Type III echinocytes
Hypoproteinemia
Elevated CPK

56
Q

What coagulation profile abnormalities are associated with rattlesnake envenomation?

A

Increased PT, PTT, and FDP

Thrombocytopenia

57
Q

What urinalysis abnormalities are associated with rattlesnake envenomation?

A

Hematuria and myoglobinuria

58
Q

What is the rattlesnake bite severity scoring system used to do?

A

ID high-risk cases and to provide objective patient assessment during treatment over time

59
Q

What variables determine the rattlesnake bite severity score?

A 
Respiratory system
CV system
Wound scoure
GI system
Hematologic system
CNS
60
Q

What variables determine rattlesnake bite severity in horses?

A

Respiratory scores
CV scores
Wound scores
Hemostasis score

61
Q

A RBSS score of ___ or greater is often associated with a poorer prognosis in horses.

A

8

62
Q

How is rattlesnake envenomation treated?

A

Keep animal quiet and try to keep bite area below heart level
Supportive care
Antivenin

63
Q

What supportive care is recommended for rattlesnake envenomation?

A

IV fluid, analgesics, and blood product therapy

64
Q

What may the antivenin for rattlesnakes reverse? What won’t it reverse?

A

Reverse - coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, and paralysis

Not reverse - tissue necrosis, renal damage, etc.

65
Q

What is the general protocol for rattlesnake treatment?

A
  1. Animals with known or suspect snakebites should be hospitalized and monitored for a minimum of 8 hours
  2. RBSS should be performed at admission
  3. Antivenin should be administered immediately if indicated/desired
  4. RBSS is repeated at 6 hours to determine any worsening of score
  5. If no signs at 8 hours, likely a dry bite
  6. If conditions worsen, treat as clinical signs dictate
66
Q

How is rattlesnake envenomation prevented?

A

Know where the are located geographically
Avoidance training
Toxoid vaccine for high-risk patients

67
Q

How do venomous lizards bite?

A

Tenacious bite - deliver venom from glands in the lower jaw by aggressive chewing action over grooved teeth

68
Q

What bad agents are in lizard venom?

A

Gilatoxin and hyaluronidase

69
Q

Where do lizards typically bite?

A

Usually on the face, especially lower lip

70
Q

What clinical signs are associated with venomous lizard bites?

A

Very painful bite site - bleeding and localized swelling
Hypotension and tachycardia
Vomiting

71
Q

How is lizard envenomation treated?

A

Remove lizard - pry it or apply a heat/flame source underneath the jaw
Inpatient - monitor and treat hypotension with crystalloid fluids as needed

72
Q

In regards to coral snakes. Red to yellow, _______ _ ______. Red to black, ________ _______.

A

Kill a fellow

Venom lack

Toxicology (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions