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Toxicology > Unit 3 - Commercial Home and Personal Care 2 > Flashcards

Unit 3 - Commercial Home and Personal Care 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different categories of batteries (not AA, AAA, C, 9V smart ass)?

A

Alkaline

Acidic

Lithium

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2
Q

What are the active ingredients in alkaline batteries?

A

K hydroxide, Na hydroxide

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3
Q

What are the active ingredients in acidic batteries?

A

Ammonium chloride, manganese dioxide

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4
Q

What are the active ingredients in lithium batteries?

A

Non-corrosive compounds - alkali effects

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5
Q

What is the MOA of alkaline batteries? Acidic?

A

Alkaline - liquefactive necrosis

Acidic - coagulative necrosis

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6
Q

What is the MOA of lithium batteries?

A

Energy generated between nodes → Electrolysis of NaCl → Sodium hydroxide produced → Tissue necrosis

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of battery toxicosis?

A

Depression
Hypersalviation - licking lips, flipping tongue
Stomatitis - ulcerations
Hyperthermia
Vomiting - +/- blood
Abdominal pain - melena

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8
Q

What lesions are caused by battery toxicosis?

A

Ulcerations - oral, pharyngeal, esophageal

Esophageal perforation

Esophageal/GI strictures

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9
Q

How is battery toxicosis treated?

A

Dilution - water OR milk, lithium

Battery removal:
Radiographic imaging
Natural passage - laxatives, pass w/in 72 hours
Endoscopy/ Gastronomy - if in stomach after 48 hours

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10
Q

What are the sources of essential oil toxicosis?

A

Diffusing oils

Plug-in fresheners

Citronella candles

Shampoos

Skin ointments

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11
Q

Where are essential oils absorbed? Metabolized? Distributed? Excreted?

A

Well absorbed → skin, lungs, oral/GI tract
Metabolized in the liver - a number undergo glucouronidation
Distribution - wide, some cross the BBB
Excretion - kidney, some respiratory & fecal

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12
Q

Generally, what clinical signs are associated with essential oil toxicosis?

A

GI: irritation, burns, vomiting, diarrhea, norexia

Skin: corrosive burns

CNS: depression, tremors/ seizures, convulsions, coma

Cardiovascular: tachycardia, hypotension

Liver & kidney damage

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13
Q

What adverse effects are associated with liquid potpourri?

A

Corrosive because they often contain cationic agents

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14
Q

What clinical effects are associated with melaleuca oil?

A

CNS depression, Ataxia, tremors, severe hypothermia

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15
Q

What clinical effects are associated with citrus oils?

A

Phototoxicity, GI irritation

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16
Q

What clinical effects are associated with wintergreen & birch oils?

A

Similar to aspirin overdose

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17
Q

What toxin is contained in pennyroyal oil?

A

Pulegone

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18
Q

What clinical effects are associated with pennyroyal oil?

A

Hepatic necrosis and secondary hemorrhage

19
Q

What shouldn’t you do when treating essential oils?

A

Do not induce emesis

20
Q

How do you treat essential oil toxicosis?

A

Give activated charcoal

Fluids

GI protectants

+/- hepatoprotectants

21
Q

How is essential oil toxicosis prevented?

A

Prevent animal access to oils
Be familiar with more severe oils
DO NOT apply concentrated oils directly to animals
Good ventilation if using diffusers

22
Q

What are the types of adhesives that we run into?

A

Diisocyanates/Polyurethane

Cyanocrylates

Polyvinyl acetate

23
Q

Why are cyanoacrylate adhesives problematic?

A

They are generally non-toxic if ingested but they do become irritating due to the instant bonding principles - hair, eyelids, skin

Oropharyngeal obstruction is rare

24
Q

How is cyanoacrylate adhesive exposure treated?

A

Sedation for glue removal

Rinse eyes

25
Q

Why is diphenylmethane diisocyanate a concerning compound?

A

Expandable nature

26
Q

In what environment do Diphenylmethane diisocyanate adhesives like to expand?

A

In warm/moist environments - they expant 3-8x

27
Q

How is diphenylmethane diisocyanate toxicosis diagnosed?

A

Radiographs

28
Q

What clinical signs are associated with diphenylmethane diisocyanate?

A

Vomiting - +/- blood, dehydration
Anorexia
Abdominal distension
Pain
Lethargy
Anxiety
Hyperventilation

29
Q

How are polyurethane adhesive (diphenylmethane diisocyanate) toxicoses treated?

A

DO give IV fluids

DO NOT induce emesis, give activated charchoal, give water or milk, give prokinetics

30
Q

What are the sources of Naphthalene/Paradichlorbenzene?

A

Mothballs, cake deoderizers, diaper pailes

31
Q

How many mothballs is toxic to small animals?

A

1

32
Q

What increases the absorption rate of Naphthalene/Paradichlorbenzene?

A

A fatty meal

33
Q

Where are Naphthalene/Paradichlorbenzene metabolized? Excreted?

A

Metabolized in the liver

Excreted in the urine, eggs, and milk

34
Q

What is the MOA of Naphthalene/Paradichlorbenzene?

A

Toxic metabolite → Oxidative damage to RBCs → MetHb & Heinz body formation

35
Q

What clinical signs are associated with naphthalene?

A

Naphthalene scented breath
Methemoglobinemia
Heinz body anemia
Hemolysis +/- icterus
Renal dysfunction

36
Q

What clinical signs are associated with paradichlorobenzene toxicosis?

A

Vomiting
Tremors
Seizures

37
Q

What CBC results are consistent with Naphthalene/ Paradichlorbenzene toxicosis?

A

↓ PCV (anemia), heinz bodies

38
Q

What samples are used for histopathic diagnosis of Naphthalene/
Paradichlorbenzene toxicosis?

A

Liver, kidney, and GI tract

39
Q

What is urine used for when diagnosing Naphthalene/
Paradichlorbenzene toxicosis?

A

Compound detection - make sure to corelate results with clinical signs

40
Q

How is naphthalene toxicosis treated?

A

Decontamination - emesis (< 2 hours), activated charcoal, cathartic
1% methylene blue
Bicarbonate fluids

41
Q

How is paradichlorobenzene toxicosis treated?

A

Decontamination
Fluids
Benzodiazapenes

42
Q

What are paintballs made up of?

A

Composition: polyethylene glycol, glycerin, sorbitol, sodium (hypernatremia)

43
Q

What clinical signs are associated with paintball toxicosis?

A

Vomiting
Diarrhea
Ataxia
Tremors

44
Q

How is paintball toxicosis treated?

A

Fluids
Correct Acid-base imbalances

Toxicology (32 decks)

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