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Toxicology > Unit 1 - Zn, Fe, F, and Tl > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Zn, Fe, F, and Tl Flashcards

1
Q

What species is most affected by zinc toxicosis?

A

Dogs

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2
Q

What are the sources of zinc toxicosis in small animals?

A

Galvanize wire cages, Zn game pieces, ointments, anti-dandruff shampoo, and pennies (made after 1982)

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3
Q

What are the sources of zinc toxicosis in large animals?

A

Feed supplements, galvanized feed bunks, hardware, and zinc dust (galvanized smelting)

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4
Q

Zn is a divalent cation so it competes with other divalent cations which are __, ___, __, ___, ___, and ____.

A

Ca, Fe, Pb, Cu, S, and P

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5
Q

What is the MOA of zinc toxicosis?

A

It is unknown, but what is known is that it causes hemolysis and GI irritation

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6
Q

When is the onset of clinical signs for zinc toxicosis in dogs?

A

2-4 days

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7
Q

What clinical signs does zinc toxicosis cause in dogs?

A

Depression/weakness
Anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea
Hemolytic anemia - pale mucous membranes, icterus, and pigmenturia

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8
Q

When is the onset of clinical signs for zinc toxicosis in other species?

A

2-4 days

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9
Q

What clinical signs does zinc toxicosis cause in livestock species?

A

Decreased growth, weight, and efficiency

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10
Q

What clinical signs does zinc toxicosis cause in cattle?

A

Green/watery manure, hemolytic anemia, and pica

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11
Q

What clinical signs does zinc toxicosis cause in swine?

A

lameness

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12
Q

What clinical signs does zinc toxicosis cause in horses?

A

Lameness, weakness, ataxia, and laryngeal paralysis

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13
Q

What clinical signs does zinc toxicosis cause in sheep?

A

diarrhea

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14
Q

What clinical signs does zinc toxicosis cause in avian species ?

A

vomiting and diarrhea

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15
Q

What ante mortem tissue samples can be collected for zinc testing?

A

serum, liver biopsy, and urine

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16
Q

What post mortem tissue samples can be collected for zinc testing? Histo?

A

Liver, kidney, and pancreas

All of the above + GI tract for histo

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17
Q

What other methods could be used to diagnose zinc toxicosis?

A

Feed and radiographs

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18
Q

When collecting serum for zinc detection you should use a ________ top with a ____ stripe because ___ tops and _______ tubes contain Zinc.

A

Royal blue top with red stripe

Red tops and tiger stripes

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19
Q

What will your clinical pathology results be in a dog with zinc toxicosis?

A 
Severe hemolytic anemia - hypochromic, macrocytic, regenerative, basophilic stippling
Leukocytosis with heinz bodies
Increased hepatic enzymes
Azotemia
Hemoglobinuria
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20
Q

What gross lesions are associated with zinc toxicity?

A

Icterus, enlarged pancreas, GI hemorrhage and inflammation, and enlarged and pale liver

Swine - hemorrhagic joints
Equine - osteochondrosis

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21
Q

What microscopic lesions are associated with zinc toxicity?

A

Hemorrhagic gastritis, renal tubular necrosis, centrilobular necrosis, pancreatitis/pancreatic necrosis

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22
Q

What differentials should you consider with zinc toxicity?

A

Immune mediated hemolytic anemia, onion/leek/garlic poisoning, naphthalene, copper, and lead

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23
Q

How is zinc toxicosis treated?

A

Decontamination - remove foreign bodies and eliminate further exposure
Supportive care - fluids, GI protectants, blood transfusion
Chelators (CaEDTA and D-penacillamine)

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24
Q

What are the sources of iron for toxicosis?

A

Dietary, injectable iron products, soil, and fertilizers

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25
Q

What does iron compete with?

A

Other divalent cations - Zn, Mn, Co, Cu, and P

26
Q

What binds divalent cations and decreases absorption?

A

phytate

27
Q

Iron is readily absorbed in the _____ and _______ is excreted.

A

GI tract, VERY LITTLE

28
Q

What are the predisposing factors in swine for iron toxicity?

A

Vitamin E and Se deficiency

29
Q

T/F - The toxicity of iron via route from most to least is: IV> IM> Oral

A

True

30
Q

What is the MOA of iron toxicosis?

A
  1. Acutely - directly corrosive and overwhelms rate-limiting absorption
    2 - Decreased cardiac output
    3 - Metabolic acidosis which disrupts oxidative phosphorylation
31
Q

T/F - There are 3 stages of clinical signs due to iron toxicosis

A

False - there are 4

32
Q

What clinical signs occur during the 1st stage of iron toxicosis and when?

A

Hrs - 0-6

Corrosive GI effects, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea +/- blood

33
Q

What clinical signs occur during the 2nd stage of iron toxicosis and when?

A

Hrs - 6-24

Remission phase

34
Q

What clinical signs occur during the 3rd stage of iron toxicosis and when?

A

Hrs - 12-96

Lethargy, GI signs, acidosis, coagulopathy, CV collapse/shock

35
Q

What clinical signs occur during the 4th stage of iron toxicosis and when?

A

Weeks later

GI scarring and strictures

36
Q

In cases of mild to moderate iron toxicosis, progression ends after stage __.

A

1

37
Q

What is the preferred sample for diagnosis of iron toxicosis? Others?

A

Preferred - serum
Others - Liver, feed/unknown/mineral
Radiographs

38
Q

What gross lesions are associated with iron toxicosis?

A

GI erosion and ulceration, GI edema, brown staining at injection sites, kidneys, and LN

39
Q

What microscopic lesions are associated with iron toxicosis?

A

Periportal necrosis in the liver and hemorrhagic gastritis

40
Q

How is iron toxicosis treated?

A

Decontamination - cathartics, gastric lavage, and emesis
Supportive - Correct dehydration and acidosis, and GI protectants
Chelators

41
Q

What chelator is used to treat iron toxicosis and how does it effect the patient’s urine?

A

Deferoxamine - it turns the urine wine colored red

42
Q

What are the sources of flouride for toxicosis?

A

mineral deposits, industrial processing (aluminum and iron), Ca/P mineral mixes, and pesticides

43
Q

Flouride has rapid ___ absorption, deposits in _____, and is excreted in ______.

A

GI, bone, urine

44
Q

What is the MOA of flouride?

A

It replaces hydroxyapatite in crystalline structure of bone delaying/altering mineralization

45
Q

What are the 2 chronic presentations of flouride?

A

Osteofluorosis and dental fluorosis

46
Q

What are the clinical signs of osteofluorosis?

A

Lameness and elongated hooves

47
Q

What are the lesions of osteofluorosis?

A

Exostoses - enlargement of the bones, medial aspect of metatarsals to others

48
Q

What is dental fluorosis?

A

Dystrophic formation of dentin and enamel in erupting teeth only

49
Q

What samples can be taken to diagnose fluorosis?

A

Urine - recent exposures

Bone - rib, coccygeal, metatarsals/metacarapls, and mandible

50
Q

What will you see on radiographs in a patient with fluorosis?

A

exostosis

51
Q

How is flouride toxicosis treated?

A

Reduce the fluoride in the diet

52
Q

T/F - Thallium is the least toxic trace mineral

A

False - it is very toxic, however it was taken off the market in 1965 and banned as a rodenticide in 1972 so poisonings are rare

53
Q

What are the old sources of thallium?

A

rodenticides and depilatory (hair removal)

54
Q

What are the modern sources of thallium?

A

They are components of electrical devices, mycoplasma agar plates, and malicious poisonings

55
Q

Thallium has rapid absorption in the _____, ______, and _____. It has _____ distribution.

A

GI tract, respiratory tract, and skin

Wide

56
Q

What is the MOA of thalium?

A

it is similar to Pb, As, and Hg

57
Q

When does the onset of clinical signs occur in thallium toxicosis?

A

12 hours to 4 days

58
Q

What clinical signs does thallium toxicosis cause?

A

GI - profuse vomiting (>20x/d), bloody diarrhea, and congested mm
Neurologic - tremors, paralysis, and decreased mentation
Dermal - alopecia and sloughing of the skin

59
Q

What lesions does thallium toxicosis cause?

A

GI - necrohemorrhagic gastritis, enteritis, and colitis
Lungs - pulmonary edema and hemorrhage
Dermal necrosis

60
Q

What is the treatment for thallium toxicosis?

A

Prussian blue and dithizone (chelator)

They will need TLC for months

61
Q

When are prussian blue and dithizone rendered ineffective in treatment of thallium toxicosis?

A

If clinical signs are present

Toxicology (32 decks)

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