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Bio 204 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Blastema cells

A

Divide up to 50x faster than human cells.

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2
Q

All cells on earth

A

Come from other cells

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3
Q

Purpose of cell division

A

Expanding populations, and replacing cells lost to wear and tear

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4
Q

Cells in multicellular organisms

A

No meant to divide immediately

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5
Q

Binary fission

A

Prokaryotic cells reproducing. Double in size, replicate chromosomes, and split. Includes a B, C, D period

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6
Q

B period

A

DNA synthesis and cell enlargement

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7
Q

C period

A

Chromosomes seperated on opposite sides of the cell

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8
Q

D period

A

Membrane pinches and 2 daughter cells are made

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9
Q

Bacteria and archaea use

A

A single circular packet of DNA

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10
Q

In an abundance of nutients

A

Bacteria and archaea do not have a B period

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11
Q

Segregation

A

Proposed by François Jacob. 2 chromosomes attach to the plasma membrane and are pulled apart, passive replication

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12
Q

Origin of replication (Ori)

A

Where chromosomes replicate. In the center and then moves to the poles

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13
Q

Cytoplasmic division

A

Inward constriction of cytoskeletal proteins. The cell wall and plasma membrane forms and divides. Only works with one chromosome

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14
Q

Eukaryotic missing a chromosome

A

Bad, often lethal

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15
Q

Chromatid

A

Eukaryotes adaptation to hold 2 double stranded DNA

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16
Q

Binary fission and evolution

A

Variation proving intermediates in the evolutionary pathway. Some nuclear membranes dissociate while others don’t

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17
Q

Mitosis

A

Daughter cells are identical to the parent (clones)

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18
Q

Mitosis occurs because of 3 things

A
  1. Master programing allows for orderly and timely progression
  2. DNA is copied almost perfectly
  3. Cables and motors of the cytoskeleton divide chromosome
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19
Q

Meiosis

A

Different than the parent. 1/2 the chromosomes of a normal cell, makes gametes and spores

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20
Q

Chromosome

A

Nuclear units of genetic info divided by mitotic cell division. Made up of DNA and proteins

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21
Q

Diploid 2n

A

Most eukaryotes. Have 2 of each chromosome (46)

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22
Q

Haploid, n

A

23, one copy of each chromosome

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23
Q

Ploidy

A

Multiples of n bigger than 2

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24
Q

Sister chromatid

A

2 copies of a chromosome held together by sister chromatid cohesion until segregation

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25
Q

Chromosome segregation

A

Equal separation of sister chromatids

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26
Q

Interphase

A

Longest phase and is comprised of G1, G2, G3 phases

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27
Q

G1 phase

A

Cell function, some growth, some cells go to G0. Varies in length. Chromosomes are organized and lightly packed

28
Q

G2 phase

A

DNA replication and chromosome duplication. 10-12 hr

29
Q

G3 phase

A

More cell growth, 4-6 hours

30
Q

Mitosis length

A

Less than an hour

31
Q

G0 phase

A

Cells can reenter G1 to start dividing or just live the rest of their lives.

32
Q

Internal mechanisms

A

Regulate mitotic processes. Effected by hormones and growth factors

33
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

34
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes become chromatin, nucleolis becomes smaller and eventually disapears, mitotic spindles form between the centrosomes, microtubules radiate from the spindle poles

35
Q

Chromatin

A

Compact rod shaped DNA. Appears like thin threads under a microscope

36
Q

Prometaphase

A

Starts when the nuclear envelope breaks down. Some spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes

37
Q

Centromere

A

Kinetochore that holds chromatids together

38
Q

Kinetochore

A

A complex of proteins

39
Q

Kinetochore microtubules

A

Attach to kinetochore and therefore determine the outcome of mitosis

40
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle fibers move the chromosomes to the spindle midpoint (metaphase plate) and condensation is completed.

41
Q

What is formed in metaphase

A

A karyotype

42
Q

Karyotype

A

An arrangement of chromosomes according to size and shape

43
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromatids move to opposite polls. Movement starts at the centromeres. Daughter chromosomes are now on either side of the cell

44
Q

Telophase

A

Spindle fibers disappear and chromosomes decondense. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform. 1 cell with 2 separate nucleus’ exists

45
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The division of the cytoplasm starting in telophase resulting in 2 daughter cells. The nucleus is in G1 of interphase

46
Q

Cytokinesis in animals, fungi, and protists

A

The furrow gridles the cell and eventually cuts it

47
Q

Cytokinesis in plants

A

A cell plate grows through the cytoplasm dividing it and making a new cell

48
Q

Furrowing

A

Spindle fibers stretch out from the spindle midpoint across the cell, microfilaments form a belt inside the plasma membrane that condenses using motor proteins until the cell pinches into 2 cells

49
Q

Cell plate formation

A

Microtubules act as a guide for vesicles from the ER and Golgi complex. The vesicles fuse and span the spindle midpoint. When they are all the way across the cell, the 2 cells separate

50
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

Made of microtubules and their proteins

51
Q

Mitotic spindles in mitosis

A

Microtubules disassemble from cytoskeleton and reorganize to become spindle , filling almost the whole cell

52
Q

2 pathways for mitotic spindles

A

Centromere or no no centromere. The results are almost identical

53
Q

Microtubule organizing center

A

The centrosome. Anchors the cytoskeleton and positions the organelles during interphase

54
Q

Centrioles

A

1 pair/centrosome. They exist 90 to each other. The generate microtubules for flagella and cilia

55
Q

Centrioles do not

A

Construct mitotic spindles

56
Q

Centrioles in mitosis

A

Duplicate in the s phase. During M phase centrosome with centriole centers separate and microtubules lengthen and increase in number

57
Q

Late prophase

A

Centrosomes are fully separate. Spindles continue to grow and fill the cytoplasm

58
Q

Asters

A

Centrosomes at the spindles tip. Makes sure each daughter cell gets a centriole

59
Q

When there is no centrosome

A

Microtubules form spindles from many directions with many MTCs.

60
Q

Spindles form from

A

100-1000’s of microtubules

61
Q

2 types of microtubules

A

Kinetochore and nonkinetochore. They work separate but coordinated during anaphase

62
Q

Kinetochore microtubules

A

Connenct chromosomes to spindle poles

63
Q

Non kinetochore microtubules

A

Extend between spindle poles without connecting to a chromosome.

64
Q

Current chromosome division theory

A

Chromosomes walk to the poles on stationary microtubules. Use kinetochore motor proteins. The kinetochore microtubules disassemble as they go

65
Q

Experiment proving 1/2 of division

A

Bleached kinetochore microtubules section did not move during anaphase

66
Q

Other part of the chromosome division theory

A

Motor proteins pull kinetochore microtubules poleward, disassembling them into tubulin sub units

67
Q

Nonkinetochore microtubules

A

Spindles are lengthened and push each other generated by microtubules sliding over each other because of proteins. The cell become a long oval

Bio 204 (23 decks)

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