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Bio 204 > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Blastema cells

A

Divide up to 50x faster than human cells.

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2
Q

All cells on earth

A

Come from other cells

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3
Q

Purpose of cell division

A

Expanding populations, and replacing cells lost to wear and tear

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4
Q

Cells in multicellular organisms

A

No meant to divide immediately

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5
Q

Binary fission

A

Prokaryotic cells reproducing. Double in size, replicate chromosomes, and split. Includes a B, C, D period

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6
Q

B period

A

DNA synthesis and cell enlargement

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7
Q

C period

A

Chromosomes seperated on opposite sides of the cell

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8
Q

D period

A

Membrane pinches and 2 daughter cells are made

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9
Q

Bacteria and archaea use

A

A single circular packet of DNA

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10
Q

In an abundance of nutients

A

Bacteria and archaea do not have a B period

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11
Q

Segregation

A

Proposed by François Jacob. 2 chromosomes attach to the plasma membrane and are pulled apart, passive replication

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12
Q

Origin of replication (Ori)

A

Where chromosomes replicate. In the center and then moves to the poles

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13
Q

Cytoplasmic division

A

Inward constriction of cytoskeletal proteins. The cell wall and plasma membrane forms and divides. Only works with one chromosome

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14
Q

Eukaryotic missing a chromosome

A

Bad, often lethal

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15
Q

Chromatid

A

Eukaryotes adaptation to hold 2 double stranded DNA

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16
Q

Binary fission and evolution

A

Variation proving intermediates in the evolutionary pathway. Some nuclear membranes dissociate while others don’t

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17
Q

Mitosis

A

Daughter cells are identical to the parent (clones)

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18
Q

Mitosis occurs because of 3 things

A
  1. Master programing allows for orderly and timely progression
  2. DNA is copied almost perfectly
  3. Cables and motors of the cytoskeleton divide chromosome
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19
Q

Meiosis

A

Different than the parent. 1/2 the chromosomes of a normal cell, makes gametes and spores

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20
Q

Chromosome

A

Nuclear units of genetic info divided by mitotic cell division. Made up of DNA and proteins

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21
Q

Diploid 2n

A

Most eukaryotes. Have 2 of each chromosome (46)

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22
Q

Haploid, n

A

23, one copy of each chromosome

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23
Q

Ploidy

A

Multiples of n bigger than 2

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24
Q

Sister chromatid

A

2 copies of a chromosome held together by sister chromatid cohesion until segregation

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25
Chromosome segregation
Equal separation of sister chromatids
26
Interphase
Longest phase and is comprised of G1, G2, G3 phases
27
G1 phase
Cell function, some growth, some cells go to G0. Varies in length. Chromosomes are organized and lightly packed
28
G2 phase
DNA replication and chromosome duplication. 10-12 hr
29
G3 phase
More cell growth, 4-6 hours
30
Mitosis length
Less than an hour
31
G0 phase
Cells can reenter G1 to start dividing or just live the rest of their lives.
32
Internal mechanisms
Regulate mitotic processes. Effected by hormones and growth factors
33
Stages of mitosis
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
34
Prophase
Chromosomes become chromatin, nucleolis becomes smaller and eventually disapears, mitotic spindles form between the centrosomes, microtubules radiate from the spindle poles
35
Chromatin
Compact rod shaped DNA. Appears like thin threads under a microscope
36
Prometaphase
Starts when the nuclear envelope breaks down. Some spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes
37
Centromere
Kinetochore that holds chromatids together
38
Kinetochore
A complex of proteins
39
Kinetochore microtubules
Attach to kinetochore and therefore determine the outcome of mitosis
40
Metaphase
Spindle fibers move the chromosomes to the spindle midpoint (metaphase plate) and condensation is completed.
41
What is formed in metaphase
A karyotype
42
Karyotype
An arrangement of chromosomes according to size and shape
43
Anaphase
Chromatids move to opposite polls. Movement starts at the centromeres. Daughter chromosomes are now on either side of the cell
44
Telophase
Spindle fibers disappear and chromosomes decondense. Nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform. 1 cell with 2 separate nucleus' exists
45
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm starting in telophase resulting in 2 daughter cells. The nucleus is in G1 of interphase
46
Cytokinesis in animals, fungi, and protists
The furrow gridles the cell and eventually cuts it
47
Cytokinesis in plants
A cell plate grows through the cytoplasm dividing it and making a new cell
48
Furrowing
Spindle fibers stretch out from the spindle midpoint across the cell, microfilaments form a belt inside the plasma membrane that condenses using motor proteins until the cell pinches into 2 cells
49
Cell plate formation
Microtubules act as a guide for vesicles from the ER and Golgi complex. The vesicles fuse and span the spindle midpoint. When they are all the way across the cell, the 2 cells separate
50
Mitotic spindle
Made of microtubules and their proteins
51
Mitotic spindles in mitosis
Microtubules disassemble from cytoskeleton and reorganize to become spindle , filling almost the whole cell
52
2 pathways for mitotic spindles
Centromere or no no centromere. The results are almost identical
53
Microtubule organizing center
The centrosome. Anchors the cytoskeleton and positions the organelles during interphase
54
Centrioles
1 pair/centrosome. They exist 90 to each other. The generate microtubules for flagella and cilia
55
Centrioles do not
Construct mitotic spindles
56
Centrioles in mitosis
Duplicate in the s phase. During M phase centrosome with centriole centers separate and microtubules lengthen and increase in number
57
Late prophase
Centrosomes are fully separate. Spindles continue to grow and fill the cytoplasm
58
Asters
Centrosomes at the spindles tip. Makes sure each daughter cell gets a centriole
59
When there is no centrosome
Microtubules form spindles from many directions with many MTCs.
60
Spindles form from
100-1000's of microtubules
61
2 types of microtubules
Kinetochore and nonkinetochore. They work separate but coordinated during anaphase
62
Kinetochore microtubules
Connenct chromosomes to spindle poles
63
Non kinetochore microtubules
Extend between spindle poles without connecting to a chromosome.
64
Current chromosome division theory
Chromosomes walk to the poles on stationary microtubules. Use kinetochore motor proteins. The kinetochore microtubules disassemble as they go
65
Experiment proving 1/2 of division
Bleached kinetochore microtubules section did not move during anaphase
66
Other part of the chromosome division theory
Motor proteins pull kinetochore microtubules poleward, disassembling them into tubulin sub units
67
Nonkinetochore microtubules
Spindles are lengthened and push each other generated by microtubules sliding over each other because of proteins. The cell become a long oval

Bio 204 (23 decks)

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