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Bio 204 > Mendelian Genetics > Flashcards

Mendelian Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Blending theory of inheritance

A

Hereditary traits blend evenly in offspring. An old belief

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2
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

A monk who studied genetics with pea plants in the mid 1800’s.

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3
Q

Mendel’s education

A

Farm raised, studied math, chemistry, and zoology

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4
Q

Character

A

A heritable characteristic

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5
Q

Trait

A

Variations within a character

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6
Q

Mendel’s conclusions

A

Characters are passed off in discrete hereditary factors.

Genes do not blend, they stay separate

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7
Q

Mendel was the first to

A

Study genetics quantitativly

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8
Q

Pea plants sperm

A

Is in the pollen of the anthers

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9
Q

Pea plant egg

A

Is in the carpel of the flower. Often pollenated by the sperm of the same plant

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10
Q

How did Mendel prevent self pollenation

A

Cutting off the anthers so he could cross pollenate himself

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11
Q

To start the experiment Mendel

A

Used self fertilized plants without change from 1 generation to the next. Pure bread P generation

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12
Q

Flower colour study

A

1/7 characteristics Mendel studied.

Pollen from the purple plant was placed on the white plant’s stigma and vise versa

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13
Q

F1 generation

A

1st generations offspring

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14
Q

P generation

A

Plants used in the initial cross

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15
Q

F2 generation

A

The gametes produced from the F1 generation

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16
Q

Flower colour study results

A

F1 generation-All the flowers were purple

F2 generation-3:1 ratio of purple to white flowers

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17
Q

Mendel’s first hypothesis

A

The adult plants carry a pair of factors that governs the inheritance of each factor

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18
Q

What is correct about hypothesis 1

A

The 1 character comes from the mother, and one form the father

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19
Q

Hypothesis 1 in modern terms

A

1 gene per parent is inherited on a chromosome.

2 alleles per gene that govern a trait

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20
Q

Dominance

A

A non dominant trait is still present, just weaker

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21
Q

Hypothesis 2

A

If an individuals pair of genes consists of different alleles, one is dominant over the other recessive allele

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22
Q

Current view of hypothesis 2

A

Dominant alleles do not directly inhibit recessive alleles

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23
Q

Hypothesis 3

A

Principle of segregation

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24
Q

Principle of segregation

A

Alleles that control a characteristic segregate and carry 1 allele per gamete

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25
Q

Homozygote (homozygous)

A

When a zygote has 2 of the same alleles for a gene. Both gametes they form get the same allele

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26
Q

Heterozygote (heterozygous)

A

Has 2 different alleles for 1 gene, the dominant gene is the phenotype
Gametes receive dominant of recessive gene

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27
Q

Monohybrid

A

An organism that is produced from a cross involving a single character

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28
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

A cross between 2 heterozygous individuals

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29
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic constitution of an organism

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30
Q

Phenotype

A

The outward appearance of an organism

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31
Q

Monohybrid crosses support

A

All three of Mendel’s hypothesis

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32
Q

Probability

A

The possibility an outcome will occur if it is a matter of chance

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33
Q

Predicting probability

A

Divide the probability of a given outcome by all possible outcomes

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34
Q

The product rule

A

Can be used to check if events are independent

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35
Q

Independent events

A

When 1 event has no effect on the other

P(A)P(B)=P(AnB)

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36
Q

The sum rule

A

Probability of A or B or… Z occurring. P(A)+P(B)…P(Z)

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37
Q

Mendel and probability

A

The chance of what allele will fertilize an egg is 50/50

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38
Q

For a zygote probability Pp Pp

A

1/2 (the probability of a gene from dad) X 1/2 (the probability of a gene from mom)=1/4

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39
Q

Purple flower and probability

A

Use addition rule with all the possible genotypes. PP+Pp

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40
Q

Punnett squares and probability

A

Write the probability of miosis producing the gamete on the outside and multiply to the middle for offspring probability

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41
Q

How did Mendel test his hypothesises

A

He predicted the outcomes before they happened with crosses he hadn’t tried yet

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42
Q

Test cross

A

A cross between a dominant phenotype and a homozygous recessive genotype

43
Q

Test crosses usage

A

Determine if a dominant phenotype is homozygous or heterozygous

44
Q

Heterozygous results in a test cross

A

2:2 (dominant: recessive)

45
Q

Homozygous dominant results in a test cross

A

4:0 (dominant: recessive)

46
Q

Mendel’s 2 question

A

How do different alleles interact with each other

47
Q

The experiment for Mendel’s second question

A

He bred plants and observed seed shape and color at the same time. He crossed a RR YY with a rr yy

48
Q

Results of the 2 question experiment

A

The traits interacted independently resulting in
F1-16:0
F2-9:3:3:1

49
Q

Dihybrid

A

A zygote produced from a cross with 2 characters

50
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

A cross between two individuals who are heterozygous for 2 pairs of alleles

51
Q

Mendel’s 4 hypothesis

A

Mendel’s principle of independent assortment

52
Q

Mendel’s principle of independent assortment

A

The alleles of the genes that govern the two characters segregate independently during gamete formation

53
Q

Why does independent assortment occur

A

Because of random assortment of alleles in miosis I

54
Q

Rr Yy X rryy expected genotypic ratio

A

1:1:1:1

55
Q

When don’t traits segregate independently

A

When they are close to each other on a chromosome

56
Q

Factors

A

What Mendel called genes

57
Q

3 people who later studied genetics

A

Vries, Correns, Tschermak

58
Q

Sutton

A

Connected genes and inheritance with 4 points

59
Q

Sutton point 1

A

Alleles and chromosomes occur in pairs in sexually producing organisms

60
Q

Sutton point 2

A

Alleles and chromosomes are seperated during gamete formation

61
Q

Sutton point 3

A

Separation of 1 chromosome pair is separate from each other

62
Q

Sutton point 4

A

1 chromosome comes from mom and the other from dad in exact parallel with the 2 alleles of a gene

63
Q

Chromosome theory of inheritance

A

Genes and alleles are carried on chromosomes

64
Q

Locus

A

The site on a chromosome where a gene is located.

The sequence that codes for a protein or RNA products responsible for a phenotype

65
Q

Alleles at a microscopic level

A

Small differences that code for different proteins

66
Q

Mendel’s genetics are true for

A

All studied organisms

67
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Recessive alleles are somewhat detected in heterozygous individuals

68
Q

Incomplete dominance flower color example

A

Red parent and a white parent make pink offspring

69
Q

Incomplete dominance notation

A

C^RC^W

70
Q

CrCw

A

A pink flower because neither gene is fully dominant

71
Q

CrCr and CwCw

A

Red (all the pigment) and white(no pigment) respectively

72
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Defective polypeptide in hemoglobin. DsDs

73
Q

Sickle cell trait

A

Defective polypeptide in some of the hemoglobin DSDs

74
Q

Familial hypercholesterolemia

A

Incomplete dominance for LDL proteins. Leads to atherosclerosis

75
Q

Atheriosclerosis

A

Hardening of the arteries due to a build up of plaque

76
Q

Familial hypercholesterolemia genotypes

A

DlDl-Non LDL receptors

DLDl-Have half the LDL receptors it should

77
Q

Incomplete dominance presentation

A

Can appear dominant. Biochemical studies are needed to be done to determine if it is

78
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

DTDt-Does not have symptoms

DtDt-No functional enzyme to breakdown gangliosides

79
Q

Gangliosides

A

Membrane proteins

80
Q

Codominance

A

When 2 alleles have equal effects and are separably visible in an individual
Inheritance works the same as for incomplete dominance

81
Q

Blood types

A

ABO codes for glycoproteins on blood cells.

82
Q

LMLN

A

Codominance where both M and N glycoproteins are present.

83
Q

MN blood type

A

Not medically relevant. Crucial for human evolution and prehistoric migration and paternity

84
Q

Multiple alleles

A

When there are more that 2 different alleles for 1 gene in a population. One individual can only have 2 alleles

85
Q

Human ABO blood group

A

Exhibits dominance and codominance through multiple alleles

86
Q

Landsteiner

A

The first person to mix blood and found it sometimes clumped

87
Q

Clumping blood occurred because of

A

Antibodies in the blood

88
Q

Antigen

A

The glucose part of a glycoprotein

89
Q

Type A blood

A

Has the antigen A on their RBC

Antibodies against the B antigen

90
Q

Type B blood

A

Has the antigen B on their RBC

Antibodies against the A antigen

91
Q

Type O blood

A

Neither antigen A or B, but antibodies for both

92
Q

Type AB blood

A

Have the antigens for A and B, but no antibodies

93
Q

Genotypic symbols for blood types

A

A-IAIA, IAi
B-IBIB, IBi
AB-IAIB
O-ii

94
Q

Epistasis

A

Genes interact from 1 locus, inhibiting or masking the effects of alleles at different locus’, causes unexpected phenotypes

95
Q

Lab colours

A

Determined by the amount of melatonin pigment produced.

96
Q

Lab colours normal genotypes

A

BB-Black

Bb-Brown (chocolate)

97
Q

Lab colours epistasis

A

There is a different gene that will not allow melanin to enter the hair cells which produces a golden lab no matter what

98
Q

Epistasis in humans

A

It is common and determines susceptibility to disease among other things

99
Q

Polygenic ingeritance

A

Results in continuous distribution because many genes contribute to one character

100
Q

Quantitative traits

A

Traits controlled by polygenic inheritance. Shows up in a bell shaped curve

101
Q

Genetic phenotypes

A

Often influenced by the environment.

102
Q

Genetic phenotypes example

A

Nutrition on height and weight

103
Q

Pleiotrophy

A

A single gene affects more that 1 character of an organism.

104
Q

Example of pleiotrophy

A

Sickle cell anemia- Cell shaped causes an array of symptoms

Bio 204 (23 decks)

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