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Bio 204 > Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Eukaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Made up of protists, fungi, animal and plant cells. They have true nucleus’ as their organelles have membranes

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2
Q

Cytosol

A

Cytoplasmic solution around organelles used for energy metabolism, and molecular sythesis

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3
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Formed from a variety of proteins that:
Help things in and out of the cell
Act as receptors
Act as markers so that the immune system knows not to kill them

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4
Q

Plasma membrane receptors

A

Recognize and bond to other molecules. Sometimes other cells

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5
Q

Cell wall

A

Forms on the outside of the plasma membrane (extracellular). Is not in animal cells

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

Separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope

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7
Q

Lamins

A

The think protein layer that lines and reenforces the nuclear envelope

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8
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

A structure that contains both membranes of the nuclear wall and the nuclear pores

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9
Q

Nuclear pore complex

A

100’s in the nucleus. Made up of nuclioporins

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10
Q

Nucleoporins

A

Large, octagonal cylindrical structures made from proteins. Exchange components between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Make sure only the good things enter

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11
Q

Nuclear pore

A

A channel thru the NPC. Allows for assisted exchange of RNA and protiens

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12
Q

Transport protiens

A

AKA shuttles carry RNA/proteins called the cargo through the nuclear pores

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13
Q

Nuclear localization signal

A

A short amino acid code that allows a specific protein to bond with it and carry it to the nucleus

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14
Q

Example of nuclear localization signal

A

An enzyme for replicating and repairing DNA

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15
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

A liquid/semiliquid in the nucleus

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16
Q

Chromatin

A

A combination of DNA and proteins. Take up most of the nucleus’ space.

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17
Q

Hereditary information

A

Distributed along many linear strands of DNA

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18
Q

Eukaryotic chromosome

A

1 complete DNA molecule and its associated proteins

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19
Q

DNA lengths in the 2 cell types

A

Eukaryotic is 2-10m, prokaryotic is 1.5m

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20
Q

Nucleoli

A

One or more in a cell. Form around the genes coding for rRNA.

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21
Q

rRNA to ribosome progression

A

RNA genes- rRNA molecules (and proteins)- ribosomal subunits- travel to the cytoplasm via the nuclear pore (add mRNA)- ribosome

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22
Q

Ribosome

A

Large and small subunit. Same function as prokaryotic ribosomes. Bigger and have 4 rRNA molecules and 80+ proteins

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23
Q

Ribosomes can be

A

Suspended in cytosol, or attach to a membrane

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24
Q

Suspended in the cytosol products location

A

Proteins may stay in the cytoplasm, go to the nucleus, mitochondria, or cytoskeleton

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25
Q

Nuclear proteins

A

Part of the chromatin. Line the nuclear envelop or nucleoplasm solution

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26
Q

Proteins made by ribosomes attached to a membrane go…

A

Most of them attach to an ER allowing them to travel to different organelles

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27
Q

Endo membrane system

A

Internal, membranous sacs that divide the cell.

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28
Q

Endo membrane system jobs

A

Synthesis of proteins and lipids, modification of proteins and destroying toxins

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29
Q

Endomembrane system connection

A

Either physical or by vessicles

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30
Q

Vessicles

A

Small membrane bound compartments that transfer substances

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31
Q

Endomembrane system includes the

A

Nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi complexes, lysosomes, vesicles and plasma membrane

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32
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Inter connected network of membranous channels and vesicles (cisternae)

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33
Q

Rough ER

A

Many ribosomes stud the outside.

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34
Q

Protein made on the rough ER transport path

A

Travel to the ER lumen- fold into its final form- sometimes chemical modification- transport in vesicles through the cytosol- stop at Golgi complex- chemical modification?-final destination

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35
Q

Cisternae

A

A single membrane that surrounds the ER lumen

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36
Q

Outer membrane of nuclear envelope

A

Rough, connected with the rough ER,

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37
Q

Proteins made on nuclear envelope progression

A

Go between the two layers of the membrane- travel into the ER- final location

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38
Q

Smooth ER

A

No ribosomes. Produces lipids for cell membrane. Connected to the rough ER

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39
Q

Liver cells smooth ER

A

Turns toxins such as alcohol into substances that can be digested or removed

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40
Q

ER proportions

A

That of what the cell is required to make. More protein needed more rough ER. More lipids needed more smooth ER

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41
Q

Golgi complex

A

S stack of flattened stack called cisternae without ribosomes. 3-8 disks per cell, and are located between the rough ER and the plasma membrane

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42
Q

Protein to chemical modification process

A

A protein goes the the Golgi complex in a vesicle from the ER, the vesicle bonds with the cis face and deposits the protein for chemical modification

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43
Q

Cis face

A

Side of the golgi that faces the nucleus

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44
Q

Chemical modifications

A

Removing amino acids, adding functional groups, adding lipid or carbohydrates

45
Q

Golgi to final destination progression

A

The protein travels to the trans side and a vesicle picks it up and brings it to the destination which its modifications say (act as a postage stamp)

46
Q

Secretory vessicles

A

Transport proteins to the plasma membrane using exocytosis

47
Q

Exocytosis

A

Vesicles fuses with the plasma membrane and dumps its load outside the cell. The vesicle becomes part of the membrane

48
Q

What do vesicles carry?

A

Hormones, neurotransmitters, waste, toxins, enzymes

49
Q

Endocytosis

A

Brings an outside molecule in. The plasma membrane forms a pocket leading to the endocytic vesicle, the vesicle traves to the Golgi complex for sorting (lysosome in animal cells)

50
Q

Lysosomes

A

Small membrane bound vesicles that break down lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides. Many different shapes

51
Q

Central vacuoles are only

A

In animal and plant cells

52
Q

How are lysosomes formed?

A

By budding Golgi. A hydrolytic enzyme is formed in the ER, modified in the ER lumen and vesicles bring it to the lysosome

53
Q

How burst lysosomes don’t kill the cell

A

The hydrolytic enzyme only lives in acidic conditions which a lysosome is. The cells cytosol is slightly basic which kills the enzyme

54
Q

Lysosomal enzymes

A

Digest several types of food through endocytosis

55
Q

Endocytosis

A

When a endocytic vessel fuses with a lysosome

56
Q

Autophagy

A

A process of digesting not functional organelles. A large membrane surrounds the dead organelle with a lysosome inside, where the hydrolytic enzyme kills it

57
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process of a cell engulfing a bacteria or debris and destroying it. Executed by hydrolytic enzymes

58
Q

What cells use phagoctyosis

A

White blood cells called phagocytes

59
Q

Lysosomal storage disease

A

A genetic condition where the hydrolytic enzyme is absent. Substrate of the enzyme build up and interferes with cell function

60
Q

Tyasachs disease

A

A failure of the CNS to produce an enzyme to break down fatty acids. Is fatal

61
Q

Mitochondria

A

Membrane bound organelles where cellular respiration occurs. Most of our bodies oxygen goes here

62
Q

Cellular reparation

A

THe process of breaking down energy rich molecule into H2O and CO2. Mainly ATP is made

63
Q

Mitochondria are enclosed by

A

outer mitochondrial membrane and the inner mitochondrial membrane

64
Q

Outer mitochondrial membrane

A

Smooth, covers the outside of the oragnelle

65
Q

Inner mitochondrial membrane

A

Expanded by folds called cristae

66
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

Inner part of the mitochondria, ATP creating reactions occur here (and in the cristae), contains DNA and ribosomes similar to bacteria

67
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Gives shape and organization to cells by reinforcing the plasma membrane and structures in the cell, most developed in animal cells

68
Q

Cytoskeleton apperiance

A

A system of fibers and tubes that extend into the cytoplasm

69
Q

Cytoskeleton includes

A

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

70
Q

Plant support

A

Some cytoskeleton. Mostly the cell wall and central vacuole

71
Q

Microtubules

A

The largest and is made from the protein tubulin. Made up of 13 protein fibers

72
Q

Microtubules measurements

A

25 nm outer diameter, 15nm inner diameter, 200nm-mm in length

73
Q

Filament

A

Linear polymer of tubulin dimer arranged in a head to tail manor creating polarity

74
Q

Tubulin dimer

A

Consists of a alpha and beta tubulin bonded non covalently. Create a 1+ and 2- end

75
Q

1+

A

Has a alpha tubulin subunits at the end of the microfilament

76
Q

2-

A

Has a beta tubulin subunits at the end of the microfilament

77
Q

Changing length

A

Tubulin dimers are added of removed from the filament asymmetrically (often more from the 1+ end)

78
Q

Cell center (centrosome)

A

Where animal cytoskeleton microtubules radiate from

79
Q

Centrolies

A

2 short barrel structures also formed from microtubules

80
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Made from a variety of intermediate filament proteins, extend from the cells center, and are the same shape as microtubules

81
Q

Intermediate filament example

A

Karyotin that makes our nail are hair is from cytokeratin

Lamins that line the nuclear envelope

82
Q

The free end of microtubules anchor to

A

the ER, golgi complex, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the mitochondria

83
Q

Jobs of microtubules

A

Provide a track for vesicles to follow, sperate and move chromosomes during cell division, move animal cells, and determine the orientation for growth of an new cell wall

84
Q

Motor proteins

A

Push and pull against microtubules and microfilaments to cause animal cells to move

85
Q

How motor proteins work

A

One is firmly attached to the cell structure while the other one walks on the microfilament or tubule using ATP

86
Q

Myosins

A

Motor proteins that walk on microfilaments

87
Q

Dynein and kinesins

A

Motor proteins that walk on microtubules

88
Q

Intermediate filament size

A

8-12 nm

89
Q

Intermediate filaments occur…

A

Singly, in parallel bundles and interlinked networks. They can be alone, with microtubules, microfilaments, of both. Only in multicellular organisms

90
Q

Intermediate filaments job

A

Cell support

91
Q

Microfilaments

A

Smallest and are made from 2 polymers of actin subunits wound together

92
Q

Microfilaments measurements

A

5-7nm

93
Q

Actin subunits

A

Asymmetrical in shape, but are oriented the same way. Polar and have a 1+ and 2- end

94
Q

1+ end

A

Growth and disassembly occurs more rapidly

95
Q

Purpose of microfilaments

A

Structure and locomotive. 1/2 components that cause muscles to contract. Help divide the cytoplasm in cell division

96
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

Active flowing of the cytoplasm allowing for transport of nutrients, proteins, and organelles

97
Q

Flagella and cilia

A

Elongated slender, motile structures off the cells surface. A bundle of 9+2 microtubules that arise from the centriole and extend out base to tip

98
Q

Flagella

A

Propel the cell with their oar like movements

99
Q

Cilia

A

Shorter and are there are more per cell. They move fluid over the cells surface

100
Q

9 +2

A

9 double microtubules surround 2 single microtubules

101
Q

Dynein motor protiens

A

They slide the 9+2 complex over each other to provide movement

102
Q

Centriole structure

A

Similar to the 9+2 except their is no 2 and the 9 is triple instead of double

103
Q

Formation of flagella and cillia

A

Centriole moves near the plasma membrane, 2-3 microtubules from each triplet grow, the 2 singles grown without direct connection to the centriole microtubules

104
Q

Basal body

A

The centriole the flagellum is connected to

105
Q

Where are flagella

A

On protozoa, algae, animal cells (sperm), reproductive plant cells

106
Q

Where are cilia

A

Protozoa, algae, cell linings of cavities, ventricles, oviducts, air passages to the lungs (to sweep contaminants out)

107
Q

Eukaryotic flagellum

A

Same function, different genes that encode theflagellar apparatus

108
Q

Types of flagella are

A

Analogues but not homogenous suggesting that they evolved independently

Bio 204 (23 decks)

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