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Bio 204 > Cellular respiration > Flashcards

Cellular respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Luft syndrome

A

Over active mitochondria. Lots of oxygen being used, little ATP being produced.

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2
Q

Diseases the mitochondria effects

A

ALS, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s disease

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3
Q

Mitochondria

A

Key reactions of cellular respiration occur here. Energy from food molecules is taken and used

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4
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Collection of metabolic reactions that break down food molecules and use the free energy to make ATP

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5
Q

Biosynthetic reactions

A

AKA anabolic reactions.

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6
Q

Production of carbohydrates

A

In photosynthesis light energy extracts electrons from water. The electrons connect CO2 and H+ to make glucose

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7
Q

Carbohydrates make

A

Proteins and fats with their energy

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8
Q

Biproducts of photosynthesis

A

Oxygen. Which is needed for cellular respiration. A continual cycle

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9
Q

What are carbohydrates good fuel

A

An abundance of C—H bonded molecules

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10
Q

C—H bonds

A

High energy because their electrons are held equally between the two atomic nuclei loosely. Easily removable to do work

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11
Q

C—O bonds

A

More electronegative, so lower potential energy because electrons are being held tighter to oxygen

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12
Q

Why fats are more Kcal

A

Only made of C—H bonds so more energy is produced

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13
Q

Oxidized

A

Losing an electron and becoming more positive

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14
Q

Reduced

A

Gaining an electron and becoming more negative

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15
Q

Redox reactions

A

The complimentary processes of oxidation and reduction happening

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16
Q

Redox reaction basis

A

Xe- + Y —- X + Ye-

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17
Q

Oxidation name

A

Many fuels oxidized involve oxygen as the molecule that gains electrons and gets reduced

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18
Q

Oxygen in reactions

A

Car engines, oil fires and cellular respiration

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19
Q

Redox problems

A

Not all reactions involve oxygen

Electrons can be transferred completely of incompletely

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20
Q

Incomplete electron transfer

A

A shift in how much an electron is shared between 2 atoms

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21
Q

Redox of glucose

A

Through combustion energy is released as electrons to oxygen, reducing water. Carbon is oxidized to CO2

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22
Q

Glucose activation energy

A

High. A flame or enzyme-catalyst can be used to each a small activation energy. The thermodynamics are the same

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23
Q

Difference in glucose activation energy

A

A flame creates a large amount of sudden heat, controlled combustion creates small amounts of usable energy

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24
Q

Dehydrogenases

A

Enzymes that facilitate electrons from food to an energy carrying molecule (shuttle)

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25
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleus

A

NAD+ oxidized, NADH reduced

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26
Q

NADH

A

A coenzyme and the most common energy carrier. Removes 2 H+ and returns 2 electrons and one proton. Highly efficient

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27
Q

Main job of cellular respiration

A

Turn potential energy in food into ATP, glucose goes through all the steps and therefore is our focus

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28
Q

Phases of CR

A

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylate

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29
Q

Glycolysis

A

Glucose and enzyme— 2 pyruvate +some ATP + some NADH

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30
Q

Pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle

A

Pyruvate oxidation—acetyl coenzyme A which is oxidized into CO2. Some ATP and NADH is formed

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31
Q

Oxidative phosphorylate

A

NADH is oxidized from electrons traveling down the electron transport chain until oxygen turn’s into H2O. Free energy creates a proton gradient used to make ATP

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32
Q

Archaea and bacteria

A

Glycolysis and citric acid cycle in the cytosol, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the internal membrane

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33
Q

Eucharyotes

A

Step 2 and 3 take place in the mitochondria

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34
Q

Glycolysis in detail

A

10 enzyme catalyzed reactions leading to the oxidation of 6 carbon glucose. Produces 2 pyruvate molecules, ATP and NADH.

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35
Q

Experiment discovering glycolysis

A

100 years ago they proved you can do reactions in an isolated, cell free environment. The foundation of biochem

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36
Q

Glycolysis is ancient because

A
  1. It is universal between bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes
  2. It does not need oxygen (life existed before oxygen did)
  3. Occurs in the cytosol. Not requiring complex, evolved organelles
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37
Q

3 concepts of glycolysis

A

Energy investment followed by pay off
No carbon is lost
ATP is generated by substrate level phosphorylation

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38
Q

Energy investment followed by payoff

A

Has two phases. Energy requiring and energy releasing

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39
Q

Energy requiring phase

A

5 steps. 2 ATP’s used by glucose and fructose. 6-phosphated becomes phosphorlated

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40
Q

Energy returning phase

A

4 ATP and 2 NADH are produced

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41
Q

No carbon is lost

A

Glucose (6 carbons) becomes 2 pyruvate (3 carbons). Oxidation has occurred as the potential energy of pyruvate is less than the glucose

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42
Q

ATP is generated by substrate level phosphorylation

A

A phosphate group is transferred from a high energy substrate to ADP making ATP used in the citric acid cycle

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43
Q

Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle

A

Extraction of remaining free energy and trapping it in ATP and electron carriers

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44
Q

Pyruvate movement

A

Cytosol to outer MM through simple diffusion to the inner MM passes using a pyruvate specific membrane carrier into the mitochondrial matrix

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45
Q

Pyruvate oxidation

A

Multistep process where pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA

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46
Q

Step 1-Decarboxlation reaction

A

Carboxyl (COO-) is removed from pyruvate and becomes co2

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47
Q

Step 2-Acitate production

A

The oxidation of the 2-carbon molecules produces acetate

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48
Q

Step 3-Dehydrogenation reaction

A

2 electrons and a proton are transferred to NAD+ making NADH

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49
Q

Step 4-CoA

A

Acetyl group reacts with CoA forming high energy acetyl CoA

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50
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

C-H bonds exist in acetyl CoA, here they are broken and the energy is used. 8 enzyme catalyzed reactions.

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51
Q

Reactions 1-7

A

Soluble enzymes in the mitochondrial matrix

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52
Q

Reaction 8

A

Bound to the matrix side of the inner membrane. Is insoluable

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53
Q

Citric acid cycle overall

A

The acetyl group is oxidized, ATP, NADH, and FAD are made

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54
Q

FAD

A

Nucleotide base molecule flavin adenine dinucleotide. Reduced to FADH2

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55
Q

1 turn of the citric acid cycle

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 2 CO2 is made from 1 acetyl unit. All of the C is now CO2

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56
Q

CoA molecule carrier

A

Released to participate in pyruvate oxidation after carrying the CoA

57
Q

Citric acid cycle equation

A

1 acetyl CoA + 3 NAD+ + 1 FAD + 1 ATP + 1 Pi + 2H2O—-2CO2 + 3 NADH + 1 FADH + 1 ATP + 3 H+ + 1 CoA. Double the coefficients when thinking of glycolysis because 2 pyruvates were formed

58
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Except ATP all energy is now in NADH or FADH2

59
Q

ETC and chemiosmosis

A

Take remaining potential energy and make ATP

60
Q

Repository ETC

A

A system on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 turn into oxygen molecules

61
Q

4 proteins of the ETC

A

Complex 1-NADH dehydratase
Complex 2-Succinate dehydratase
Complex 3- Cytochrome complex
Complex 4- Cytochrome oxidase

62
Q

Complexes 1, 3, 4

A

Are made from multiple proteins

63
Q

Ubiquinol

A

Hydrophobic, found in the core of the inner MM. Acts as a shuttle between complex 1 and 2 and 2 and 3

64
Q

Cytochrome

A

Shuttles electrons from complex 3 to 4. On the intermembrane side of the inner MM

65
Q

Prosthetic groups

A

Non protein molecules that transport electrons in the ETC. Redox active cofactors that alternate between red/ox. Accept electrons from upstream, donate downstream

66
Q

Heme

A

A cytochrome that is the oxygen carrying part of hemoglobin. Contains redox active iron. Fe2+—Fe3+

67
Q

Protein subunits

A

Bind to prosthetic groups 1-3 precisely.

68
Q

Electron transport path

A

FMN (reduced) + electrons from NADH— Fe/S— ubiquinone—…— oxygen— water

69
Q

FNM

A

Flavin mononucleate. Prosthetic of complex 1. There is an excess of H+ in cells for their use

70
Q

Why does the ETC occur

A

Prosthetics organize high to low free energy. NADH easily oxidized starts to oxygen which is easily reduced ends. Occurs because of theromdynamics

71
Q

In the ETC

A

No ATP is made, just water

72
Q

Energy released during ETC

A

Does work by transporting protons across the inner MM from inside the matrix to out. The intermembrane space increases in H+ and decreases in pH

73
Q

Proton translocation

A

Uses energy from electron release. Ubiquinone brings electrons from the matrix to the third complex, drops 2 protons in the intermembrane space so it can be neutral

74
Q

Proton gradient

A

Creates potential energy that can do work. 2 factors

75
Q

Factor 1

A

Chemical gradient exists because proton concentration is skewed

76
Q

Factor 2

A

Proton charge creates an electrical gradient, creating proton motive force.

77
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Harnessing proton motive force to do work. Makes ATP and moves the flagella

78
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP synthesis linked to oxidation of energy high molecules in the ETC. Relays on ATP synthase

79
Q

ATP synthase

A

Large multiprotein complex spanning the inner mitochondrial membrane. Consists of the basal unit, head, and stalk. Forms a channel for H+ to freely travel

80
Q

Basal unit

A

Embedded in the inner MM

81
Q

Head

A

Extends into the matrix. A proton bonding here makes it spin and an ATP is formed from ADP

82
Q

Stalk

A

Connects the head and basal unit

83
Q

Active transport pump

A

Uses the free energy from hydrolysis of ATP

84
Q

Proton gradient and evolution

A

Evolved early as plant, animal, bacteria, and archaea all use it

85
Q

Coupled processes

A

ATP from the ATP synthase to the ETC via proton gradient. These reactions can be uncoupled

86
Q

The ETC doesn’t

A

Make ATP

87
Q

Ionophores (uncouplers)

A

Form channels for ions (protons) to flow freely through. Proton gradient cannot happen with these because the protons can flow freely back.

88
Q

Ionophores toxicity

A

Cause weight loss and were promoted as a weight loss drug in the 1930’s

89
Q

Uncoupled reactions

A

Energy from ETC is lost as heat rather than establishing proton motive force

90
Q

Uncoupling proteins

A

Localized to the inner MM and help regulate body temperature

91
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation products

A

For every NADH (2e-) 10 protons go into the intermembrane space.
3-4 flow back though the ATP synthase

92
Q

How many molecules per NADH

A

3

93
Q

How many ATP’s per FADH2

A

2

94
Q

Glycolysis products

A

2 ATP and 2 NADh

95
Q

Citric acid cycle products

A

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2. Now there is a total of 2 FADH2 and 10 NADH’s for the ETC

96
Q

How many total ATP are made

A

38/mole of glucose, ideally

97
Q

Why is 38 rarely acheived

A

38 is for bacteria, reaction coupling, and proton motive force

98
Q

38 is for bacteria not eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes need ATP for pyruvate transport from the cytosol to the M matrix

99
Q

Reaction coupling

A

ETC and oxidative phosphorylation ae rarely fully coupled. The inner MM is naturally leaky to protons

100
Q

Proton motive force

A

Used for other processes such as moving pyruvate

101
Q

Kcal

A

ADP to ATP produces 7.3 kcal/mol
1 mol produces 263 kcal of energy
Full glucose oxidation provides 686 kcal/mol

102
Q

Cellular respiration effecency

A

38% of energy in glucose becomes ATP. Lots goes to entropy

103
Q

Sucrose CR

A

And other disaccharides are broken into monosaccharaides and enter like glucose

104
Q

Starch CR

A

It is hydrolyzed into glucose by digestive enzymes

105
Q

Glycogen

A

In broken down into glucose-6-phosphate

106
Q

Fats CR

A

Triglycerides are hydrolyzed into glycerol and fatty acids.
Glycerol becomes glceraldehyde-3-phosphate and enters glycolysis
Fatty acids- Become acetyl-CoA and enter the citric acid phase

107
Q

Proteins

A

An amino acid group is removed from the amino acid. The rest enters as pyruvate. Acetyl is carried by CoA or intermediates the citric acid cycle

108
Q

Repiritory intermediates

A

Supply carbon backbone for hormones, growth factors, prosthetic groups, and cofactors

109
Q

CR rate

A

Regulated by how much energy the cell needs. Supply and demand through feedback inhibition

110
Q

Glycolysis control

A

An allosteric enzyme phosphofructokinase who’s workings are effected by ATP and ADp

111
Q

ATP phosphofructokinase

A

Inhibits PFK from working when it is in excess, therefore fructose- 1,6 biphosphate concentration decreases

112
Q

ADP phosphofructokinase

A

An allosteric activator for PFK

113
Q

Citrate

A

First product of the citric acid cycle. High build up inhibits PFK because the demand for ATP is low

114
Q

Fermentation

A

Oxygen-less cellular respiration without the citric acid cycle or ETC

115
Q

Anarobic respiration

A

Oxygen-less cellular respiration with the citric acid cycle and ETC

116
Q

Fermentation details

A

Occurs when eukaryote cells don’t have oxygen for CR. Pyruvate remains in the cytosol and in reduced, consuming NADH—NAD+

117
Q

Types of fermentation

A

Lactate and alcohol

118
Q

Lactate fermentation

A

Bacteria, some plants, and animals. Pyruvate is turned into a 3-carbon molecule lactate. When oxygen becomes present the reverse reaction happens forming NADH and pyruvate

119
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

Microorganisms. Pyruvate is reduced to ethyl (co2 is released) and NADH–NAD+

120
Q

Saccharomyces Cervidae

A

Yeast in bread. The rising occurs from CO2, baking kills the ethyl alcohol

121
Q

Natural fermentation

A

Over ripe fruit

122
Q

In fermentation

A

Not enough ATP is made to support the brain, so it is only used in times of emergency

123
Q

Bacteria and Archaea ETC

A

Most have them in their internal membrane systems. Some are similar to eukaryotes and use oxygen others don’t (anaerobic)

124
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

Not using oxygen as the final electron acceptor but rather SO42-, NO3-, or FE3+

125
Q

Why did aerobic respiration evolve

A

Because oxygen loves electrons, leading to the highest extraction of potential energy

126
Q

3 lifestyles of organisms

A

Strict aerobes, facultative anaerobes, strict anaerobes

127
Q

Strict aerobes

A

Some archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Must use oxygen to survive

128
Q

Facultative anaerobes and examples

A

Can switch between fermentation and aerobic respiration. E. coli, yogurt bacteria, brewing and baking yeast

129
Q

Strict anaerobes

A

Few fungi and bacteria. Only survive in oxygen free environments. Use fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Bacteria that cause botulism or tendonitis

130
Q

Paradox of aerobic life

A

Oxygen is essential for life, but can be toxic to some organisms

131
Q

Why can be oxygen dangerous

A

Oxygen +4e- —H2O. If 3 or less electrons are present they become powerful oxidizing agent like superoxide’s or H2O2, stealing electrons from proteins, lipids and DNA

132
Q

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

A

If it is high, it can be lethal. A part of aerobic life that is unavoidable (3 of less electrons on oxygen)

133
Q

In response to ROS

A

An antioxidant defense system is creates. Enzymes and non enzymes that intercept and inactivate them

134
Q

2 enzymes in ROS

A

Superoxide dismutase-Turns the super oxide into H2O2.

Catalase-Reduces H2O2 to water

135
Q

Vitamins C and E

A

Play the same role as enzymes is ROS

136
Q

Excess ROS is linked to

A

Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease

137
Q

Why do anaeroibs die in oxygen

A

They lack one or both the enzymes or oxygen inhibits key metabolic reactions

138
Q

Cytochrome oxidase

A

The last enzyme of the ETC produces almost no reactive oxygen. It is a complex with 4 redox centers

139
Q

Redox centers

A

All hold and release 1 electron at the same time making reactive oxygen into unreactive water

Bio 204 (23 decks)

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