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Bio 204 > Genetic Recombination > Flashcards

Genetic Recombination Flashcards

1
Q

Why is variation good

A

It helps an organism survive because of natural selction

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2
Q

Genetic recombination

A

Cutting and pasting DNA backbones

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3
Q

Genetic recombination requires

A

At the simplest 2 unique DNA strands, something to bring DNA close, and enzymes to cut, exchange, and paste DNA

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4
Q

Sugar phosphate backbone

A

Winds around base pairs connected by weak hydrogen bonds, It is held together by strong covalent bonds

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5
Q

Homologues

A

Similar but not identical, allows for precise recombination

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6
Q

Recombination general process

A

Homologues regions pair,
Enzymes break 4 phosphate bonds
Free ends are exchanged in DNA, then recombined

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7
Q

There are x backbones

A

4/every recombination event

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8
Q

Recombination in bacteria

A

Uses DNA from other cells because it produces asexually

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9
Q

How is E.Coli la grown

A

In a medium containing water, an organic carbon source, and an inorganic salts (1 including a nitrogen base), agar

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10
Q

Cultures

A

Lots of clone bacteria. Made by spreading bacteria on the agar gel so a colony can form

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11
Q

Prototrophs

A

Strains of ecoli that can make amino acids

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12
Q

Auxotrophes

A

Mutant strains that cannot make amino acids. Cannot make arginine

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13
Q

ArgA

A

Gene that governs if a cell can make arginine

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14
Q

E. coli study

A

Proto and auxotroph’s were placed near each other and were observed for DNA mixing

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15
Q

2 strains of DNA from x-ray mutating

A

They were extracted from replica plating. Fount that colonies grew when nothing was present, suggesting the 2 parental types combined to create healthy bio+ met+ leu+ thr+ thi+

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16
Q

1st strain

A

Needed biotin and the amino acid methionine to grow

bio- met- leu+ thr+ thi+

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17
Q

2nd strain

A

Needed the amino acids leucine and threonine and vitamin thiamine. bio+ met+ leu- thr- thi-

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18
Q

Mutate back

A

Didn’t happen when the cells were alone therefore it was unlikely to have occurred when the cells were together

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19
Q

How did the cells DNA mix

A

Conjugation

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20
Q

Conjugation

A

Cells contact each other along the sex pilus and form a cytoplasmic bridge.
Copied part of the DNA flows through and non directional transfer and gene regulation occurs

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21
Q

The F factor and conjugation

A

Initiated by a small bacteria with small circle DNA called plasmids

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22
Q

Fertility plamsid (vertical interference)

A

Carries genes and a replication origin allowing DNA copies to be passed on, proteins that encode for the sex pili

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23
Q

Horizontal interference

A

An F factor is copied and passed on to a recipient cell

24
Q

F+

A

Donor cell (containing the F factor). Can mate with each other

25
Q

F-

A

Recipient cell that lacks the F factor

26
Q

Rolling circle

A

How the F factor replicates DNA

27
Q

Steps to rolling circle DNA replication

A

1 DNA strand is broken at the replication site
The strand is pulled through the cytoplasmic bridge while the other strand rolls
DNA synthesis fill in complimentary base pairings

28
Q

Recombination and rolling circle

A

Does not occur between the 2 cells DNA

29
Q

Hfr cells

A

Cells that donate DNA and make sex pili and conjugate with F cells

30
Q

F+ DNA combination

A

2 DNA circles recombine to become 1 large circle

31
Q

In Hfr recombination

A

DNA is only altered in the one specific cell, the F factor is integrated, but gene expression still occurs

32
Q

Conjugate bridge

A

Easily breaks-Very rare for a whole chromosome to be transfered

33
Q

F factor in Hfr

A

1/2 is the leading head of DNA, and the other 1/2 is the end of the DNA strand.
If the full strand is transferred the recipient cell becomes Hfr

34
Q

Partial diploid

A

More common. 2 copies of the genes that came through

35
Q

Enzymes in the recipient cell

A

Degrade the linear Hfr chromosome after recombination.

Cells produce creating clones of the new DNA

36
Q

Mapping enes by conjugation experiment

A

Matin Hfr and F cells with different number of alleles

They were broken apart at different stages

37
Q

Mapping genes by conjugation results

A

The longer they waited the more donor genes that entered the recipient, producing recombinants

38
Q

Mapping genes by conguation application

A

This is how the genes for E. Coli were mapped

39
Q

Transformation and transduction

A

Other ways SNA can be transferred, can use living or dead organisms

40
Q

Transformation

A

Bacteria take up DNA pieces released into the environment by other cells
The transfer occurs the same as conjugation

41
Q

Artificial transformation

A

Because not all cells can do it naturally. Uses chemical or electrical currents

42
Q

Transduction

A

DNA transfer occurs inside the head of an infecting bacterial virus

43
Q

Bacteriophages

A

Cycle of viruses that infect bacteria

44
Q

Transduction process

A

Phages assemble in a cell
Viral/hosts DNA is incorporated and the host is killed
Phages take over the cell and spread their DNA the same way conjugation does

45
Q

Bacterial DNA from a host cell

A

May be altered but does not kill the cell it enters

46
Q

2 types of transduction

A

Arise from different infection cycles. General and specialized transduction

47
Q

General transduction

A

All donor genes are equally likely to be transferred. Associated with virulent phages
Host chromosomes destroyed for building of new chromosomes

48
Q

Virulent phages

A

Kill the host cell every lytic (infection) cycle

49
Q

If some genes are missed in general treansduction

A

It becomes a transducing phage, and manually infects cells.

The new recipient cell survives

50
Q

Specialized transduction

A

A mistake in a different infection cycle. Involves temperate bacteriophage

51
Q

Temperate bacteriophage

A

Determines if a host will be a host for a long time.

52
Q

If temperate bacteriophage says no

A

the cell makes new phages and then explodes

53
Q

If temperate bacteriophage says yes

A

A single recombination event occurs

54
Q

Phphage

A

A state similar to the integration of an F factor. Is passed on to all daughter cells

55
Q

Specialized transduction mistake

A

When a prophage is excreted from the chromosome.

It can be imprecise, leaving bacteria DNA behind. The host cell is not killed

56
Q

Conjugation, transformation and transduction similarities

A

DNA from 2 bacteria cells is brought together, creating diversity

Bio 204 (23 decks)

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