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Bio 204 > Methods of Transport > Flashcards

Methods of Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Passive transport

A

Movement of substances across a membrane without using energy

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2
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of solutes within a cell from high to low concentration

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3
Q

Molecular movement

A

Always happening when a substance is above absolute zero

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4
Q

The drive behind diffusion

A

Entropy

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5
Q

Entropy

A

One region is more concentrated on one side of the membrane, has localized energy

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6
Q

Entropy energy

A

Entropy increases as the energy speeds until the concentrations are equal (highest)

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7
Q

Rate of diffusion

A

Dependent on concentration difference, a big difference leads to fast diffusion, and a slow difference leads to slower diffusion

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8
Q

Simple diffusion

A

Movement of molecules across a concentration gradient without transporters

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9
Q

Rate of simple diffusion

A

Depends on molecular size and lipid soluability

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10
Q

Molecules that can pass through simple diffusion

A

Nonpolar molecules, steriod hormones, amphipatic drugs and some uncharged polar molecules

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11
Q

Molecules that can’t pass through simple diffusion

A

Charged molecules such as Cl-. Na+ PO43-

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12
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion with the aid of a transporter, used by a polar and charged molecules

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13
Q

Facilitated diffusion uses

A

Channel and carrier proteins

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14
Q

Channel proteins

A

Provide a hydrophilic pathway in the membrane shielding the hydrophobic core, allowing molecules to pass. There are specific channels for specific molecules

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15
Q

Water diffusion

A

Executed by aquaporins

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16
Q

Aquaporins

A

Transport proteins in diverse organisms. Narrow and allows a billion molecules per second.

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17
Q

Aquaporins preventing ions technique

A

Has a positive core which deflects positive ions from entering

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18
Q

Gated channels

A

Can open, close and in between. Important for ions including Na+, K+, Ca+, Cl-

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19
Q

How do gated channels open and close

A

The can use voltage, which physically alters the proteins shape

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20
Q

Gated channels example

A

Nerve conduction (gated voltage), and CRFT in cystic fibrosis

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21
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Binds to a specific solute and carries it though the membrane. Uniport transport, Has a high rate of substrate specificity

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22
Q

Unitransport

A

Only one molecule can be taken at a time

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23
Q

Substrate specificity

A

Regulating the in and out of molecules in the cell.

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24
Q

Facilitated vs simple diffusion graphs

A

Facilitated is steep but reaches a plateau as all of the substrates are being used. Simple diffusion is a steady line

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25
Q

Osmosis

A

The passive transport of water across a semipermeable membrane from a solution of low ion concentration to high ion concentration

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26
Q

Why osmosis

A

Because the ions cannot leave so water comes in to establish the proper balance

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27
Q

Types of osmosis

A

In can be simple diffusion or facilitated through aquaporins

28
Q

Hypotonic soloution

A

Lower concentration than the cells concentration. The cell swells and can burst in animal cells. Cell walls prevent bursting.

29
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Higher concentration than the cells concentration. Water leaves the cell and it shrinks in both plant and animal cells

30
Q

In animal cells

A

Solutes go in and out of the cell, so it becomes isotonic, requires more energy because of constant ion pumping

31
Q

Active membrane transport

A

Goes against the concentration gradient. Requires energy that is often ATP.

32
Q

Active transport example

A

Concentrated sugars and amino acids inside the cell and ions outside the cell.

33
Q

3 functions of active transport

A

Uptake of essential nutrients
Removal of secretory or waste
Maintenance of essential intracellular concentrations

34
Q

Membrane potential

A

Electrical difference across the plasma membrane due to voltage created from active transport

35
Q

Primary active transport

A

1 protein transports and hydrolyzed ATP to use

36
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Indirectly driven by ATP, uses concentration gradients made from primary active transport to their advantage

37
Q

Primary active transport pumps

A

Transport positively charged ions essential for life

38
Q

Proton pomp (hydrogen pump)

A

Pushes H+ from the cytoplasm to the cells exterior, generates membrane potentials

39
Q

Proton pump function

A

Bonds with the third phosphate in ATP temperarly removing it, creating energy

40
Q

Proton pump purpose in lysosomes and vacules

A

To keep the pH low so the enzymes can thrive

41
Q

Calcium pump

A

In almost all eukaryotes. Pushes Ca2+ from the cytoplasm to the cells exterior and from the cytosol to the ER

42
Q

Uses of the calcium pump

A

Secretion, microtubule formation, muscle contractions

43
Q

Sodium potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump)

A

In the plasma membrane. 3 sodium’s are pushed out of the cell for every two potassium brought in, leads to positivity outside the cell and negativity inside the cell

44
Q

Voltage

A

An electrical potential difference

45
Q

Membrane potential

A

Voltage across a membrane, - means more - inside the cell than out, the basis for ATP production

46
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

Stores energy used for other transport mechanisms

47
Q

Secondary ATP pump example

A

High outside Na+ gradient in most animal cells from sodium potassium pump. Transfer of solute is coupled with the transfer of ions

48
Q

Secondary ATP pump 2 processes

A

Symport and antiport

49
Q

Symport and example

A

Uses cotransport. Glucose and amino acids

50
Q

Cotransport

A

Solute moves though the channel in the same direction as the driving ion

51
Q

Antiport and example

A

Uses exchange diffusion. Cl- and red blood cells, bicarbonate and membrane channels

52
Q

Exchange diffusion

A

Driving ion moves in 1 direction providing energy for active transport of a molecule the other way

53
Q

Endo and exocytosis

A

Largest active transport molecule is an amino acid or monosaccharide. Both need ATP

54
Q

Exocytosis

A

Removal of molecules from the cell. Used by all eukaryotic cells

55
Q

Endocytosis

A

Carry protein, molecule parts, or molecules into the cytoplasm.

56
Q

How exocytosis works

A

Vesicles move through the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane, the membrane fuse and the product is released.

57
Q

How endocytosis works

A

A depression forms and then pinches off to form an endocytic vesicle.

58
Q

2 pathways of endocytosis

A

Bulk phase and receptor mediated

59
Q

Bulk phase (pinocytosis)

A

Water is taken in with the molecule. Nothing binds to any surface receptors

60
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Molecules bond to receptor proteins on the cells surface, then it pinches off.

61
Q

Coated pit

A

A depression with full receptor sites

62
Q

Clathrin

A

The network of bonded proteins on the cytoplasmic side . Once a vesicle, the clathrinid membrane dissolves and fuses with a lysosome. The lysosome will dissolve the membrane or the product uses a transport protein to get out

63
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process of cells taking in large chunks of cells or molecules

64
Q

steps of phagocytosis

A
  1. surface receptors bind to the molecule
  2. Cytoplasmic lobes extend to create a pit and join together
  3. The cytoplasm covers the product and digests it using the same process and receptor mediated endocytosis
65
Q

Membrane surface area

A

Endo and exocytosis make sure it is the proper size

Bio 204 (23 decks)

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