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Bio 204 > Cell cycle Regulation\ > Flashcards

Cell cycle Regulation\ Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell fusion experiment procedure

A

Cancer cells were fused from different stages of the cell cycle to determine if the nucleus’ would influence each other

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2
Q

Cell fusion experiment results

A

The concluded that the cytoplasmic molecules caused G1– S and G2–M

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3
Q

Experiment determining how cell fusion worked

A

Hartwell used baking yeast and grew yeast mutants at a normal temperature and then heated them up. He identified where the mutants got stuck. Compared their DNA with DNA from healthy cells

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4
Q

Cell phase experiment results

A

Some problems were DNA replication, mostly they were cell cycle regulation problems

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5
Q

Paul Nurse’s experiment

A

Similar to Hartwell but he used fission cells instead of budding cells. He discovered CDC2

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6
Q

CDC2 discovery

A

Encodes a protein needed for G2–M phase. Protein Kinase (inactive or active proteins). All cells have this gene suggesting that it occurred early in the evolutionary pathway

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7
Q

Cyclins

A

Proteins that control the cell cycle

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8
Q

3 checkpoints in the cell cycle

A

Prevent critical phases form starting to early, or with improper cells. G1/s, G2/M, mitotic spindle checkpoint

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9
Q

G1/S checkpoints

A

Decides if a cell will start duplicating its DNA.

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10
Q

G1/S stops if…

A

DNA is damaged from radiation or chemicals. If extracellular signals (hormones, growth factors) are not present

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11
Q

G2/M checkpoint

A

Decides if a cell will enter mitosis

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12
Q

G2/M stops if

A

DNA was not properly replicated or is damaged

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13
Q

Mitotic spindle checkpoint

A

Checks if spindles are properly attached and that chromosomes are properly lined up on the metaphase plate. Essential for producing identical cells

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14
Q

Cell regulation involves

A

Cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases

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15
Q

Cdks

A

Protein kinase (phosphorylates and regulates target protein activity, cyclin dependent, and the concentration remains constant which cyclin concentration changes

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16
Q

Cyclin dependent

A

Is only active when cyclin is present and bonded to it

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17
Q

Each Cdks

A

Is active at a different time and regulates cell activities

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18
Q

Cyclin cdks complex regulation

A

Integrated into each checkpoint

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19
Q

G1/S Cyclin cdks complex regulation

A

G1/s cyclin binds to cdk2 at the end of G1 causing the cell to commit to DNA replication

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20
Q

G2/M Cyclin cdks complex regulation

A

S cyclin binds to the cdks2 in the S phase, DNA replication is initiated and the cell progresses through S phase

21
Q

Mitotic spindleCyclin cdks complex regulation

A

My cyclin binds to cdks1 in G2 causing G2 to become mitosis.

22
Q

M phase promoting factor

A

MPF, know as the M cyclin-cdk1 complex. Activates APC at the end of metaphase (if the spindles are properly attached)

23
Q

Anaphase promoting complex

A

Degreades anaphase inhibitor allowing anaphase to occur

In late anaphase it degrades M cyclin which deactivates cdk1

24
Q

Deactivation of Cdk1 leads to

A

chromosomes to elongate, nuclear envelope to form, and the cytoplasm to divide

25
Q

External signal molecules

A

Control the cell cycle and are peptide hormones, growth or death factors

26
Q

How do external signal molecules work

A

They bind to receptor sites, triggering reactions in the cell. Often add phosphate groups to cyclin-cdk complexes.

27
Q

External signal molecules can

A

Speed up, slow down, stop or bring a cell back from G0

28
Q

Contact inhibition

A

Occurs when cells recognize contact with other cells or molecules in ECM. Shunts cells into G0 for fully mature organs

29
Q

Contact inhibition division inhibition

A

Is a cell is touching the cells on all sides it is good. If it is no, a cell will divide to make a cell

30
Q

Asymmetric cell division

A

When daughter cells are decidedly different. Happens in growth, development, and STEM cells

31
Q

STEM cells

A

Makes 1 cell for growth and maintenance and 1 as a stem to replenish the stem cell pool. The same cell has 2 different fates

32
Q

Why do STEM cells do what they do

A

Because they can specify where the organelles go in cell division. Only some proteins end up in the progenitor cell, allowing it to have a special function

33
Q

Niche

A

Local area where the cell is dividing

34
Q

Improper external niche leads to

A

Brain and other forms of cancer.

35
Q

Cellular senescence

A

An anti tumor mechanism. A cells loss of proliferative ability over time (stops dividing)

36
Q

Hayflick factors

A

Reasons why cells stop dividing. DNA damage or they run out of telomeres

37
Q

DNA damage

A

DNA sequencing, chromosome structure, genes for fixing DNA are destroyed

38
Q

Shortening telomeres

A

No DNA can repair, so some is lost every time a cell divides.

39
Q

Telomeres

A

Repetitive DNA sequences added to teh end of chromosomes by the enzyme telomerase

40
Q

What is telomeres are renewed or removed

A

Renewed-By drugs, a person has a higher chance of getting cancer
Removed-A person can become more resistant to cancer

41
Q

Cancer

A

Produces a tumor by uncontrollable growing and dividing.

42
Q

Metastasis

A

Altering of cancer cells to contact inhibition causing them to move from the original tumor and spread throughout the body

43
Q

Tumors impair…

A

Steal blood flow, compress or break through tissue

44
Q

Oncogenes

A

The process that tumors often occur because of gene mutations to cyclin cdk system

45
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programed cell death, can be internal or external

46
Q

Caspases

A

The enzyme that causes the cell to stop dividing and die. Encoded by cell death abnormal gene (CED-3)

47
Q

If a cell is predestined to die

A

Internal EGL 1 protein is made and binds to CED-9 protein causing the release of CED-4 and active azotosome. CED-3 is activated and the cell dies

48
Q

Causes of death

A

Nuclear DNA deration and disrupted mitochondrial function

Dead cells are consumed by neighboring cells

49
Q

Why do cells die

A

To fulfill their purpose, reduce uncontrolled division, avoid mutant cells

Bio 204 (23 decks)

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