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Unit 2: Respiratory System (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and pulmonary circulation

A

External respiration

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2
Q

Refers to gas exchange between capillary oxygen and tissue cells

A

Internal respiration

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3
Q

Refers to oxidation of glucose to produce ATP

A

Cellular respiration

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4
Q

Key functions of the respiratory system

A
  • Filtering, warming, and humidifying of air
  • Ventilation + gas exchange
  • Sound production
  • Smell
  • Hormone metabolism
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5
Q

Components of the upper airway

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
  • Larynx
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6
Q

What separates the upper and lower parts of the respiratory system?

A

The larynx

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7
Q

What is the largest conducting airway?

A

Trachea

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8
Q

What is the trachea lined with?

A

ciliated epithelium and mucus secreting goblet cells

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9
Q

What supports the trachea?

A

Rings made of hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

Nutritional flow

A

Lung tissue receives oxygenated blood from the bronchial arteries

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11
Q

Where do bronchial arteries branch from?

A

Aorta

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12
Q

Pulmonary flow

A

pulmonary arteries supply the lung capillaries

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13
Q

Each lung lobule receives a branch of the…

A

pulmonary artery

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14
Q

Where do the pulmonary venules drain into?

A

Pulmonary veins

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15
Q

The two lungs are separated by the…

A

mediastinum

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16
Q

Which lung contains the superior, middle, and inferior lobes?

A

right lung

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17
Q

Which lung contains the superior and inferior lobes only?

A

left lung

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18
Q

The trachea divides and forms the right and left…

A

primary bronchi

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19
Q

Each primary bronchi divides into…

A

the secondary or lobar bronchi

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20
Q

Secondary bronchi divide into…

A

tertiary or segmental bronchi

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21
Q

There is one segmental bronchus for each…

A

bronchopulmonary segment

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22
Q

Tertiary bronchi branch extensively giving rise to smaller…

A

bronchi

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23
Q

As bronchi subdivide and become smaller, they lose their cartilage and become…

A

bronchioles

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24
Q

What are slightly smaller branch extensions of bronchioles?

A

Terminal bronchioles

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25
Q

Portion of the lung that is supplied by a tertiary bronchus

A

Bronchopulmonary segment

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26
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the right lung?

A

10

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27
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are in the left lung?

A

8

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28
Q

Each segment is divided into many smaller…

A

lung lobules

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29
Q

Each terminal bronchiole supplies one…

A

lung lobule

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30
Q

Each lobule contains…

A
  • A lymph vessel
  • A pulmonary arteriole
  • A pulmonary venule
  • Respiratory bronchioles
  • Alveolar ducts
  • Aveolie
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31
Q

What is formed as terminal bronchioles sub-divide into microscopic branches and alveoli begin to form?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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32
Q

Respiratory bronchioles open into…

A

alveolar ducts

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33
Q

Sac-like pouchings of the respiratory portion of the bronchial tree

A

Alveoli

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34
Q

How many alveoli are in a normal lung

A

300 million

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35
Q

What are alveolar walls comprised of?

A

Type I alveolar cells

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36
Q

Type II alveolar cells secrete…

A

a surfactant (detergent)

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37
Q

Ventilation

A

The altering flow of air into and out of the lungs

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38
Q

Minute/Pulmonary ventilation

A

tidal volume x respiratory rate

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39
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

(tidal volume - dead space volume) x respiratory rate

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40
Q

The region in the respiratory tract where no gas exchange occurs

A

Anatomic dead space

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41
Q

The skeletal portion of the thorax is called the…

A

thoracic cage

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42
Q

The respiratory muscles, rib cage, pleural membranes, and lung elastic tissues

A

Respiratory pump

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43
Q

Pleural cavity

A

Between the pleural membranes

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44
Q

What expands the thorax driving movement of air into lungs?

A

Inspiratory muscles

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45
Q

Elevates the sternum

A

sternocleidomastoid

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46
Q

Raises top two ribs

A

scalenes

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47
Q

Expand the rib cage by moving ribs upward and out

A

External intercostals

48
Q

The primary inspiratory muscle

49
Q

What reduces the diameter of the thorax to create the driving movement of air out of the lungs

A

Expiratory muscles

50
Q

Muscles pull the ribs down and inward reducing the diameter of the rib cage

A

Internal intercostal

51
Q

Depress the lower ribs, and move the diaphragm up into the thorax

A

Abdominal muscles

52
Q

What are the inspiratory (respiratory pump) muscles?

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Scalenes
  • External intercostals
  • Diaphragm
53
Q

What are the expiratory pump muscles?

A
  • Internal intercostals
  • Abdominal muscles
54
Q

What depends on periodic pressure changes in the lungs?

A

Ventilation

55
Q

Pressure in the lungs becomes lower than atmospheric pressure

A

Inspiration

56
Q

Pressure in the lungs is higher than atmospheric pressure

A

Expiration

57
Q

During inspiration, what happens to the pleural membranes?

A

The parietal pleura is pulled outward and the visceral pleura follows it

58
Q

When does inspiration begin?

A

When the diaphragm contracts enlarging the thoracic cage

59
Q

When the diaphragm contracts what happens?

A

The contraction enlarges the intrapleural space and lowers the pressure to open alveoli

60
Q

During inspiration, alveolar pressure…

A

drops below atmospheric pressure

61
Q

At the end of inspiration, the diaphragm relaxes and the elastic tissues in the lung…

62
Q

Recoil results in…

A

air compression and raises alveolar pressure above atmospheric pressure

63
Q

Transpulmonary pressure (Ptp)

A

Palv (alveolar pressure) - Ppl (pleural pressure)

64
Q

Lung compliance definition

A

Measure of the ease with which lungs can be inflated

65
Q

Lung compliance equation

A

∆volume (ml) / ∆pressure (cmH2O)

66
Q

What decreases compliance of lungs?

A

Thickening or stiffening of lung tissue by diseases such as asbestosis

67
Q

Disease that increases lung compliance and FRC

68
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

The volume of air remaining in the lungs after expiration

69
Q

What does fresh air mix with in the lungs?

70
Q

When the FRC is larger breathing is…

71
Q

When the FRC is smaller, there is…

A

large fluctuations in O2 and CO2

72
Q

In a mixture of gases, each gas exerts a pressure that is…

A

proportional to its concentration

73
Q

The partial pressure exerted by each gas will be a function of the…

A

total gas pressure or atmospheric pressure

74
Q

Atmospheric pressure in San Diego

75
Q

Atmospheric pressure in Tucson

76
Q

Atmospheric pressure in Denver

77
Q

Percent of O2 in the atmosphere

78
Q

Percent of N2 in the atmosphere

79
Q

Percent of CO2 in the atmosphere

80
Q

Most direct and accurate way to measure whole body O2 uptake is called…

A

the Fick method

81
Q

O2 consumption ml/min =

A

cardiac output x (aterial - mixed venous)

82
Q

CO2 production (ml/min) =

A

cardiac output x (mixed venous - arterial)

83
Q

Typical O2 consumption at rest

A

250 (ml/minute)

84
Q

Typical CO2 Production at rest

A

200 (ml/minute)

85
Q

Typical O2 consumption at max exertion

A

3500 (ml/min)

86
Q

Typical CO2 consumption at max exertion

A

3800 (ml/min)

87
Q

Respiratory quotient

A

Amount of CO2 produced divided by O2 consumed

88
Q

RQ for pure fat

89
Q

Binding and release of O2 from hemoglobin is critically dependent on…

90
Q

Where is PO2 quantity increased compared to the PO2 in the pulmonary capillaries?

91
Q

Tissue PO2 is low, resulting in…

A

release of O2 from hemoglobin

92
Q

Transit time

A

rate of diffusion and rate of blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries

93
Q

At rest, what is blood transit time?

A

0.8 seconds

94
Q

In a healthy lung, how long does complete oxygen diffusion take?

A

0.25 seconds

95
Q

What percent of oxygen is transported dissolved in plasma?

96
Q

What percent of oxygen is transported bound to hemoglobin?

97
Q

What three factors alter the oxy-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

A
  1. pH
  2. Temperature
  3. CO2
98
Q

What shift does a reduction in blood pH create?

A

shift to the right

99
Q

What shift does an increase in PCO2 create?

A

shift to the right

100
Q

What shift does an increase in temperature create?

A

a shift to the right

101
Q

A shift to the right the oxy-hemoglobin curve is called?

A

A bohr shift

102
Q

During a bohr shift, what happens?

A

The hemoglobin molecule will release more oxygen at any given PO2

103
Q

When fully saturated with oxygen, each gram of hemoglobin can bind to how much oxygen?

104
Q

A normal adult male has how many grams of hemoglobin per liter of blood?

105
Q

A normal adult female has how many grams of hemoglobin per liter of blood?

A

140-150 grams

106
Q

How saturated is arterial blood?

A

Nearly 100%

107
Q

Anemia

A

Low blood hemoglobin concentration

108
Q

Hypoxia

A

Low blood O2 –> therefore a low hemoglobin saturation

109
Q

CO2 is released from active tissue cells and diffused into…

A

plasma and then RBCs

110
Q

How much CO2 is transported in plasma as biocarbonate ions?

111
Q

How much CO2 is transported bound to Hb as carbamino-hemoglobin

112
Q

How much CO2 is transported dissolved in plasma?

113
Q

Where does the formation of carbonic acid and carbaminohemoglobin occur?

114
Q

Exchange of O2 and Co2 in pulmonary capillaries

A

External respiration

115
Q

Exchange of O2 and CO2 in systemic capillaries

A

Internal respiration

PSIO202 (15 decks)

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