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PSIO202 > Unit 1: The Cardiovascular System (Lecture) > Flashcards

Unit 1: The Cardiovascular System (Lecture) Flashcards

1
Q

_______ ________ delivers blood to each organ system

A

systemic circulation

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2
Q

Oxygen and nutrient rich blood

A

Arterial blood

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3
Q

In the circulatory tree blood is delivered to the organ system in __________

A

parallel

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4
Q

Which side of the heart ejects blood into the aorta?

A

Left

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5
Q

__________ ___________ delivers blood to the lungs

A

Pulmonary circulation

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6
Q

Oxygen and nutrient poor blood

A

Venous blood

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7
Q

Where must venous blood pass through before entering into systemic circulation?

A

Lungs

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8
Q

Blood leaving the pulmonary circulation enters the…

A

Left atrium

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9
Q

Right and left pulmonary arteries pass ________ blood

A

venous

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10
Q

Right and left pulmonary veins pass __________ blood

A

arterial

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11
Q

Atrio-ventricular valves are located…

A

Between atria and ventricles

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12
Q

Semilunar valves are located…

A

Between the left ventricle and aorta
Between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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13
Q

_________ muscles are specialized muscles that originate in the ventricular wall

A

Papillary

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14
Q

Papillary muscles attach to the AV valve flaps via tendon like structures known as _______ ________

A

Chorda tendinae

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15
Q

What contracts at the same time as the ventricles?

A

The papillary muscles

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16
Q

The aortic and the pulmonary semilunar valves are _________ dependent

A

Pressure

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17
Q

Cardiac output

A

The amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per minute

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18
Q

At rest, the left and right ventricles each pump about ___ liters of blood per minute.

A

5

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19
Q

Cardiac output increases to as much as ____ liters/minute during maximal exercise.

A

30

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20
Q

The muscle tissue of the heart is supplied with blood from the…

A

Coronary circulation

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21
Q

The right and left coronary arteries originate on the…

A

ascending aorta

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22
Q

The right coronary artery supplies the…

A
  • Sinoatrial (SA) node
  • Atrioventricular (AV) node
  • Parts of the right atrium
  • Interventricular septum
  • Right ventricle
  • Left ventricle
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23
Q

The ___________ branch originates on the right coronary and supplies the anterior portions of the right ventricle

A

Marginal

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24
Q

The ____________ ____________ branch originates on the right coronary and supplies the posterior portions of both ventricles.

A

Posterior interventricular

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25
Q

The left coronary artery supplies the…

A
  • Sinoatrial (SA) node
  • Parts of the left atrium
  • Interventricular septum
  • Ventricles
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26
Q

The __________ branch supplies the left atrium and posterior regions of the left ventricle.

A

Circumflex

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27
Q

The __________ __________ branch originates from the left coronary and anterior portions of both ventricles.

A

Anterior interventricular

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28
Q

________ _______ vein drains the anterior heart

A

Great cardiac

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29
Q

The ________ _________ vein drains the posterior heart.

A

Middle cardiac

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30
Q

The great and middle cardiac veins drain into the _________ ________

A

Coronary sinus

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31
Q

The coronary sinus drains into the ________ _________

A

Right atrium

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32
Q

The left semilunar valve can’t open until it reaches what pressure level (average adult human)?

A

100 mmHg

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33
Q

The right semilunar valve can’t open until it reaches what pressure (average adult human)?

A

35 mmHg

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34
Q

What does pressure dependent mean?

A

Valves that take a certain amount of pressure to open

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35
Q

What are the other names for the left atrio-ventricular (AV) valve?

A

Biscuspid or mitral

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36
Q

What is the other name for the right atrio-ventricular (AV) valve?

A

Tricuspid

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37
Q

Heart filling, open valves

A

Diastole

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38
Q

Contracted, close valves

A

Systole

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39
Q

Striated fibers

A

actin and myosin packaged in myofibrils

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40
Q

The sarcomere contains…

A

Z discs, A bands and I bands

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41
Q

In cardiac muscle there is typically one centrally located _________

A

nucleus

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42
Q

There is one ________ per sarcomere

A

T-tubule

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43
Q

Desmosomes

A

Physical coupling of adjacent cells

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44
Q

Gap junctions

A

Electrical coupling

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45
Q

Intercalated discs

A

structures that connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells

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46
Q

The myocardium is considered a…

A

functional syncytium

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47
Q

Syncytium

A

A syncytium is a single cell that contains multiple nuclei.
A network of cardiac muscle cells connected by gap junctions that allows coordinate contraction of the ventricles

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48
Q

Gap junctions

A

intercellular connections that directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells

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49
Q

What allows for electrical impulses to pass quickly from one cell to the next and throughout heart muscle?

A

Gap junctions

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50
Q

Cardiac pacemaker

A

Sino atrial (SA) node, mass of cells in the right of the atrial wall

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51
Q

In the heart, what spontaneously discharges action potentials?

A

Pacemaker cells in the sino atrial (SA) node and the atrio-ventricular (AV) nodes

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52
Q

The atria and ventricles must contract in a…

A

coordinated fashion

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53
Q

What is the first even in the sequence of cardiac muscle excitation?

A

Depolarization of the sino-atrial (SA) node

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54
Q

After depolarization of the SA node, action potentials then…

A

travel down and across both atria, causing atrial muscle fiber contraction.

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55
Q

At the AV border there is a band of…

A

poorly-conducting tissues (small fibers, few gap junctions)

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56
Q

What is the effect of the delay at the AV border?

A

Provides the atria enough time to empty before muscle contraction.

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57
Q

Pacemaker cells discharge action potentials spontaneously at the rate of…

A

100-120 per minute

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58
Q

Our resting heart rate is controlled by the…

A

Autonomic/Parasympathetic nervous system

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59
Q

Our resting heart rate is controlled by the…

A

Autonomic/Parasympathetic nervous system

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60
Q

Plateau

A

Decline in K perm, increase in CA perm

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61
Q

In physiology, refractory refers to…

A

The period of time when a muscle or nerve cell is unresponsive to stimulation

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62
Q

The absolute refractory period refers to the time when…

A

the cell will not response regardless of the strength of stimulus

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63
Q

How long does the refractory period in the heart muscle last?

A

250 ms

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64
Q

Blood enters the right ventricle via…

A

The right atrium and tricuspid valve

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65
Q

The SA node discharges the action potentials spontaneously at the rate of…

A

100-120 times/minute

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66
Q

In a healthy young adult, the resting heart rate is…

A

70 beats/min

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67
Q

The blood entering the right atrium is…

A

Mixed venous blood

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68
Q

________ is the period of ventricular relaxation and filling

A

Diastole

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69
Q

________ is the period of ventricular contraction and blood ejection

A

systole

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70
Q

Atrial diastole

A

The atria fill passively.
In diastole, both AV valves are open and blood flows into the ventricles.

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71
Q

Ventricular diastole

A

Starts with ventricular muscle repolarization, and with a drop in the ventricular pressure that results in passive filling of the ventricle

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72
Q

Atrial systole

A

Brief synchronous contraction of the atria; active filling of the ventricles

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73
Q

Ventricular systole

A

When the AV valves close and the pressure within the ventricles begins to rise as the cardiac muscle fibers are depolarized and then contract

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74
Q

Preload

A

End-diastolic volume

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75
Q

Afterload

A

Aortic or pulmonary pressure

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76
Q

Contractility

A

Force with which the ventricles contract

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77
Q

Principle determinants of stroke volume

A
  • Preload
  • Afterload
  • Contractability
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78
Q

Factors of EDV

A
  • Driving pressure
  • Muscle pump
  • Respiratory pump
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79
Q

Driving pressure

A

Filling of the heart chambers when there is a pressure differential

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80
Q

Respiratory pump

A

Breathing affects venous return through changes in right atrial pressure

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81
Q

Muscle pump

A

Venous return, when body muscles are relaxed the blood valves are closed. When we contract our muscles, their valves open.

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82
Q

Passive contractility

A

Changes in contractility due to changes in the length of cardiac muscle fibers

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83
Q

Active contractility

A

Change in heart muscle contractility due to stimulation of the heart by nervous system input

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84
Q

During active contractility, sympathetic neurons release ________

A

Norepinephrine

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85
Q

Chronotropy

A

Increased heart rate

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86
Q

Inotropy

A

increase force of cardiac muscle contraction

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87
Q

Norepinephrine increase permeability of the cardiac muscle fibers to…

A

Ca

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88
Q

The release of norepinephrine causes an increase in…

A
  1. heart rate
  2. force of cardiac muscle contractility
  3. number of actin/myosin cross bridge interactions
  4. strength of cardiac contraction
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89
Q

Each cardiac cycle has a duration of

A

0.8 seconds

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90
Q

Cardiovascular control centers are located in the…

A

caudal medulla

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91
Q

Cardio-accelatory (fight or flight)

A

Sympathetic NS

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92
Q

Cardio-inhibitory (rest and digest)

A

Parasympathetic NS

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93
Q

Effects on the heart rate are called…

A

Chronotropic effects

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94
Q

Circulating hormones

A

Epinephrine
Thyroxine

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95
Q

SNS preganglionic neurons release ______ onto postganglionic neurons

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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96
Q

SNS postganglionic neurons release __________ onto target cells

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

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97
Q

NE activates ________ receptors which have a wide-spread effect on cardiac nervous and muscle tissue

A

beta-1 receptors

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98
Q

What in the cardio-accelatory center synapse upon preganglionic neurons in the thoracic spinal cord?

A

Sympathetic neurons

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99
Q

Which neurons synapse onto postganglionic neurons located in the sympathetic chain ganglia?

A

Preganglionic SNS neurons

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100
Q

Which neurons send axons to the SA and AV nodes, and cardiac muscle?

A

Postganglionic SNS neurons

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101
Q

Which neurons send axons to the heart in the vagus nerves?

A

Parasympathetic NS

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102
Q

Which nerves synapse directly on the SA and SA nodes, and on the atrial muscle?

A

Vagus nerves

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103
Q

Which nerves release ACh onto the postsynaptic cells and slow heart rate?

A

Vagus nerves

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104
Q

What causes an increased rate of depolarization in the SA and AV nodes?

A

Increase in inward NA current

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105
Q

Heart rate is modified by:

A
  • emotions
  • cortical input
  • circulating hormones
106
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Reduced ionic calcium depresses contractility

107
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Dramatically increases heart rate irritability and leads to spastic contractions

108
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Excess Na blocks heart contraction by inhibiting ionic calcium transport

109
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Excess of potassium leads to heart block and cardiac arrest

110
Q

How do oxygen and nutrients exit the blood?

A

Capillaries

111
Q

When nutrients exit a capillary, what do they enter?

A

Interstitial fluid

112
Q

Do carbon dioxide and metabolic waste move in the same or opposite direction as nutrients?

A

Opposite

113
Q

A network of capillaries where exchange of materials with the tissue cells can take place

A

Capillary bed

114
Q

Every tissue cell is within ____ cell diameters of a capillary

A

2-3

115
Q

The average capillary length is…

A

1 mm

116
Q

The capillary lumen diameter is about…

A

0.8 micrometers

117
Q

Blood flow velocity in a capillary is about…

A

0.1-0.3 cm/sec

118
Q

Capillary density in a given tissue is proportional to that tissue’s…

A

metabolic activity

119
Q

What passes the capillary wall via intercellular clefts?

A

water and water-soluble “solutes”

120
Q

What can cross a capillary wall through endothelial cell membranes?

A

Small molecules and gases

121
Q

What can cross a capillary wall through fenestrations?

A

Large molecules

122
Q

Capillary:
- least permeable
- tight junctions between endothelial cells
- intercellular clefts allow the passage of small molecules

A

Continuous capillaries

123
Q

Location of continuous capillaries

A
  • lungs
  • skeletal muscle
  • connective tissue
124
Q

Capillary:
- Pores/fenestrations

A

Fenestrated capillaries

125
Q

Location of fenestrated capillaries

A
  • Kidney
  • Endocrine glands
  • Small intestine
126
Q

Capillary:
- Large fenestrations
- Few tight junctions
- Wide intercellular clefts allow for the exchange of large molecules

A

(Discontinuous) Sinusoidal capillaries

127
Q

Location of sinusoidal capillaries

A
  • Liver
  • Spleen
  • Bone marrow
  • Pituitary gland
128
Q

Movement of molecules or ions from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

A

Diffusion

129
Q

Diffusion is a ______ process

A

passive

130
Q

Refers to the movement of a fluid from a region of higher pressure to one of lower pressure

A

Bulk flow

131
Q

Bulk flow is a ______ process

A

passive

132
Q

Substances enter pinocytotic vesicles, move to endothelial cells via endocytosis, and exit on the opposite side via exocytosis

A

Transcytosis

133
Q

Transcytosis is a _______ process

A

active

134
Q

Forces favoring movement of fluid out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure
Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

135
Q

Blood hydrostatic pressure

A

pushed fluid out through the capillary pores

136
Q

Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure

A

pulls fluid out of the capillary via osmosis
compared to BHP this pressure is very small

137
Q

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

Differences in protein concentration between plasma and ISF.
Tends to pull water from the ISF into the capillary.

138
Q

Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure exerted by interstitial fluid, but typically is very small

139
Q

Refers to the net movement of fluid determined by the difference between the inward and outward pressure

A

Net filtration pressure

140
Q

The main determiners of fluid movement across the capillary wall

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure
Blood colloid osmotic pressure

141
Q

____ results in a constant flow of fluid that washes over the tissue cells at the arterial end of the capillary, carrying nutrients and oxygen with it

A

filtration

142
Q

_____ results in a return of fluid to the capillary at the venous end, thereby depositing wastes into the venous system

A

reabsorption

143
Q

Under normal conditions, slightly more fluid leaves than is returned by…

A

capillaries

144
Q

Hemodynamics

A

the study of fluid flow in the vascular system

145
Q

If blood pressure was equal throughout the CV system…

A

blood would not flow

146
Q

The pressure difference between regions is termed…

A

driving pressure

147
Q

BP in large elastic arteries near the heart is…

A

pulsatile

148
Q

BP peaks during…

A

systole

149
Q

BP falls during…

A

diastole

150
Q

Arterial BP reflects…

A

two features of arteries near to the heart

151
Q

Which vessel is elastic and compliant?

A

Large arteries

152
Q

Arterial compliance

A

stretch

153
Q

Elasticity

A

Recoil

154
Q

Alternating waves of expansion and recoil result in a pressure wave called…

A

pulse pressure

155
Q

Stiff arteries are less…

A

compliant

156
Q

To eject the same volume into the circulation, pressure must…

A

increase

157
Q

Hypertension results when arteries become…

A

stiffer

158
Q

Pressure in the pulmonary circuit are much ____ than those in the systemic circuit

A

lower

159
Q

Pulmonary circulation is highly…

A

compliant

160
Q

The mean pressure in the pulmonary artery at rest is about…

A

14 mmHg

161
Q

The mean left atrial pressure is about…

A

5 mmHg

162
Q

Blood flow is proportional to the…

A

driving pressure

163
Q

Blood flow is inversely proportional to…

A

the resistance to flow

164
Q

Blood flow =

A

driving pressure / resistance

165
Q

Resistance is the sum of all forces that…

A

retard flow

166
Q

Resistance to fluid flow is caused by…

A

friction between the molecules in the fluid and with the walls of the tubes

167
Q

Frictional resistance…

A

reduces flow

168
Q

Resistance =

A

viscosity * vessel length / radius^4

169
Q

Mean arterial pressure =

A

Diastolic BP + 1/3 (Systolic BP - Diastolic BP)

170
Q

Pulse pressure =

A

Systolic BP - Diastolic BP

171
Q

Refers to changes in vessel diameter due to circulating hormones

A

Humoral regulation

172
Q

Regulation of blood vessel diameter by substances released by tissue cells and which is a function of the level of tissue metabolic activity

A

Metabolic or “local” regulation

173
Q

Increase HR and contractility

A

sympathetic vasomotor neurons

174
Q

Parasympathetic neurons decrease…

A

HR

175
Q

Regulate blood vessel diameter

A

sympathetic vasomotor neurons

176
Q

What synapse onto arteriolar smooth muscle to regulate vasoconstriction?

A

Sympathetic nerves

177
Q

Cardiovascular neurons receive peripheral afferent input from…

A
  • baroreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • proprioceptors
178
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Blood pressure

179
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Chemical composition

180
Q

Proprioceptors

A

body position and location of space

181
Q

What are “more important” receptors in cardiovascular regulation?

A

Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

182
Q

High pressure baroreceptors are located in the…

A

carotid sinus and aortic arch

183
Q

Input from the high pressure baroreceptors is carried to the CV center via…

A

Cranial nerve IX
Cranial nerve X

184
Q

Low pressure baroreceptors are located in…

A

the right atrium and vena cavae

185
Q

Input from low pressure baroreceptors is carried to the CV center via…

A

Cranial nerve X

186
Q

Chemoreceptors in the carotid sinus reach the CV center in the medulla via…

A

cranial nerve IX - glossopharyngeal

187
Q

Chemoreceptors in the aortic arch reach the CV center in the medulla via…

A

cranial nerve X - vagus

188
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to increased…

A

Hydrogen ion content
CO2

189
Q

Chemoreceptors respond to reduced…

A

O2 (hypoxia)

190
Q

Chemoreceptor stimulation activates the SNS and results in increased…

A

HR, SV, and vasoconstriction

191
Q

(NE and E) circulate and bind directly to receptors on cardiac muscle fibers and on smooth muscle cells of blood vessels

A

Catecholamines

192
Q

Increase HR and SV, and constriction of veins and arterioles

A

Catecholamines

193
Q

Which vessels are not subject to vasoconstriction by SNS or catecholamines?

A

Arteries supplying the brain and heart

194
Q

Arteries supplying the brain and heart…

A

autoregulate

195
Q

Produced in the hypothalamus with increases in Na concentration blood

A

Antidiuretic hormone

196
Q

Causes widespread vasoconstriction in case of extremely low BP

A

Antidiuretic hormone

197
Q

Causes water retention by kidneys

A

Antidiuretic hormone

198
Q

Causes intense vasoconstriction when renal perfusion is inadequate

A

Angiotensin II

199
Q

Causes water retention and increase blood volume

A

Aldosterone

200
Q

Release of renin by the kidney causes…

A

lowered blood pressure

201
Q

What converts renin into angiotensin I?

A

Angiotensinogen

202
Q

Where is angiotension converting enzyme located?

A

Endothelial cells of the lung

203
Q

What is one of the most powerful vasoconstrictor substances?

A

Angiotensin II

204
Q

What regulates secretion of aldosterone?

A

Angiotensin

205
Q

Elevated angiotensin II levels cause…

A

aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex

206
Q

What promotes salt and water re-absorption by the kidneys?

A

Aldosterone

207
Q

Substances that lower blood pressure?

A

Histamines

208
Q

Released by mast cells cause vasodilation by relaxing blood vessel smooth muscle

A

Histamine

209
Q

Wastes move in the ______ direction

A

reverse

210
Q

Clear, straw colored watery liquid that consists of 91.5% of H2O and 8.5% solutes

A

Plasma

211
Q

Cells and cell fragments

A

formed elements

212
Q

Where are plasma proteins created?

A

liver

213
Q

Albumin

A

maintains blood osmotic pressure

214
Q

immunoglobins

A

antibodies that bind antigens

215
Q

Fibrinogen is for…

A

clottin

216
Q

Normal female hematocrit range

A

38-46%

217
Q

Normal male hematocrit level

A

40-54%

218
Q

Anemina

A

Insufficient erythrocytes or not enough hemoglobin

219
Q

Polycythemia

A

Too many erythrocytes (greater than 65%)

220
Q

Causes of polycythemia

A

Dehydration
Tissue hypoxia
Blood doping

221
Q

The binocave shape of erythrocytes (RBCs) increases the surface area available for…

A

oxygen binding

222
Q

The protein that carries oxygen

A

hemoglobin

223
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule can carry __ O2 molecules

A

4

224
Q

Oxygen is loaded onto hemoglobin in…

A

lung capillaries

225
Q

Blood concentration of Hb in women

A

14 g / 100 ml

226
Q

Blood concentration of Hb in men

A

16 g / 100 ml

227
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Formation of erythrocytes (RBCs)

228
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur?

A

red bone marrow

229
Q

After birth, RBCs are formed from…

A

stem cells

230
Q

During erythropoiesis, stem cells differentiate into…

A

proerythroblasts

231
Q

Proerythroblasts become…

A

reticulocytes

232
Q

During erythropoiesis, at maturity reticulocytes…

A

eject the nucleus then form Hb

233
Q

Regulates differentiation and proliferation of blood cells

A

erythropoietin

234
Q

Worn out cells removed by…

A

fixed macrophages in spleen and liver

235
Q

RBCs only live…

A

80-120 days

236
Q

How is globin broken down into amino acids?

A

By macrophages in the liver or spleen

237
Q

What is heme broken down into?

A

Fe and biliverdin

238
Q

How is iron transported in the blood?

A

the protein transferrin

239
Q

Where is iron stored?

A

liver, muscle, or spleen

240
Q

When iron is stored, what is it attached to?

A

Ferritin or hemosiderin protein

241
Q

Biliverdin is converted into…

A

bilirubin

242
Q

Bilirubin is secreted by…

A

liver into bile

243
Q

Bile is excreted via…

A

kidneys and intestine

244
Q

Cell fragments that circulate for 5-9 days before they die

A

Thrombocytes

245
Q

What percent of mature platelets circulate?

A

2/3

246
Q

What percent of thrombocytes reside in the spleen?

A

1/3

247
Q

Clot formation

A

Thrombosis

248
Q

Thrombus

A

clot

249
Q

A circulating clot is referred to as an…

A

embolus

250
Q

TPO is released from the…

A

liver

251
Q

EPO is released from the…

A

kidney

252
Q

Severe uncontrolled bleeding

A

hemorrhage

253
Q

Series of reactions designed to stop bleeding

A

Hemostasis

254
Q

3 phases of hemostasis

A
  • Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction)
  • Platelet plug formation
  • Coagulation (blood clotting)
255
Q

Two main functions of thrombin

A
  • Convert fibrinogen into fibrin mesh
  • Activates factor XIII which stabilizes fibrin network
256
Q

Where are clotting factors synthesized?

A

Liver

257
Q

Which vitamin is necessary for clotting factors?

A

Vitamin K

258
Q

Individuals lacking factor VIII

A

hemophiliacs

259
Q

Dissolution of a clot

A

Fibrinolysis

260
Q

What digests fibrin strands to break down a clot?

A

Plasmin

PSIO202 (15 decks)

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