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PSIO202 > Lecture: Endocrine > Flashcards

Lecture: Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Secrete products into ducts or lumens or to the outer surface of the body

A

Exocrine glands

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2
Q

Secrete products into interstitial fluid or blood

A

Endocrine glands

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3
Q

Released into one part of the body to regulate activity in other parts of the body

A

Chemical messengers - mediator molecules

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4
Q

Which hormone can act as an autocrine and paracrine signal at the same time?

A

IL-2

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5
Q

Circulating hormones…

A

Enter interstitial fluid and then the bloodstream

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6
Q

Lipid soluble hormones are…

A

bound to transport proteins for transport in body fluids

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7
Q

Water soluble hormones are…

A

freely dissolved in body fluids

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8
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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9
Q

Common steroid hormones?

A
  • Cortisol
  • Testosterone
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Aldosterone
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10
Q

Which hormones are composed of tyrosine rings with attached iodines?

A

Thyroid hormones

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11
Q

Are thyroid hormones lipid or water soluble?

A

Lipid

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12
Q

Which hormones are composed of chains of amino acids?

A

Peptide + protein hormones

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13
Q

Common peptide and protein hormones

A
  • Hypothalamic inhibiting + releasing hormones
  • ADH
  • Oxytocin
  • hGH
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
  • EPO
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14
Q

Which hormones are composed of modified amino acids?

A

Biogenic amines

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15
Q

Common biogenic amines

A
  • Catecholamines
  • Serotonin
  • Melatonin
  • Histamines
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16
Q

When are hormones released?

A

In response to internal and external changes

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17
Q

How many target cells do hormones have?

A

All hormones have 1 or more target cells.

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18
Q

How do hormones leave secretory cells?

A

Exocytosis or diffusion

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19
Q

How to hormones target cells?

A

By binding to the cell surface receptors or the receptors inside the cell

20
Q

How does a cell respond to a hormone?

A
  • New molecule synthesis
  • Alteration of existing molecules
  • Change in membrane permeability
  • Altered rates of reaction
21
Q

Compared to other hormones, the response of cells to a steroid hormone is…

A

relatively slow

22
Q

Compared to other hormones, the response of cells to water-soluble (peptide) hormones is…

A

Extremely fast

23
Q

What is a first messenger?

A

A water soluble hormone (peptide) binding to a cells surface receptor

24
Q

Second messengers

A
  • cAMP
  • Calcium ions
  • cGMP
25
Q

A hormone that regulates the function of endocrine cells or glands

A

Tropic hormones

26
Q

The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland with special hormones called…

A

releasing and inhibiting hormones

27
Q

Which cells secrete human growth hormone?

A

Somatotrophs

28
Q

Which cells secrete thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

Thyrotrophs

29
Q

Which cells secrete prolactin?

A

Lactotrophs

30
Q

Which cells secrete FASH and LH?

A

Gonadotrophs

31
Q

Which cells secrete ACTH and MSH?

A

Corticotrophs

32
Q

In target cells, what does hGH increase the synthesis of?

A

Insulin like growth factors

33
Q

Insulin growth factors characteristics

A
  • increase cell growth + division by increasing amino acid intake
  • stimulate lipolysis in adipose tissue
  • decrease glucose use by body cells so glucose levels are high enough to supply the brain
34
Q

How often is hGH released?

A

In bursts every few hours

35
Q

Does the posterior pituitary gland synthesize hormones?

A

No

36
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland consist of?

A

Axon terminals from 2 groups of hypothalamic neurons

37
Q

Where are OT and ADH synthesized?

A

Hypothalamus

38
Q

Where are OT and ADH secreted?

A

Posterior pituitary

39
Q

In which part of the hypothalamus is ADH formed?

A

The supraoptic nucleus

40
Q

ADH is made in response to signals from which receptors?

A

Osmoreceptors

41
Q

Actions of ADH

A
  • prevents diuresis (decreases urine output)
  • prevents water loss in sweat glands
  • Causes constriction of arterioles
42
Q

What happens when you are dehydrated or have a high blood osmolarity?

A

ADH is released by the posterior pituitary

43
Q

What happens when you are overhydrated or have a low blood osmolarity?

A

ADH release is inhibited

44
Q

What substance inhibits ADH

A

Alcohol

45
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A
  • Lack of ADH or nonfunctional ADH receptors
  • Inability of kidneys to conserve water
  • Excess urination
46
Q

In hepatocytes insulin stimulates…

A

glycogen

PSIO202 (15 decks)

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