Lecture: Endocrine

Question 1

Secrete products into ducts or lumens or to the outer surface of the body

Answer 1

Exocrine glands

Question 2

Secrete products into interstitial fluid or blood

Answer 2

Endocrine glands

Question 3

Released into one part of the body to regulate activity in other parts of the body

Answer 3

Chemical messengers - mediator molecules

Question 4

Which hormone can act as an autocrine and paracrine signal at the same time?

Answer 4

IL-2

Question 5

Circulating hormones…

Answer 5

Enter interstitial fluid and then the bloodstream

Question 6

Lipid soluble hormones are…

Answer 6

bound to transport proteins for transport in body fluids

Question 7

Water soluble hormones are…

Answer 7

freely dissolved in body fluids

Question 8

What are steroid hormones derived from?

Answer 8

Cholesterol

Question 9

Common steroid hormones?

Answer 9

• Cortisol
• Testosterone
• Estrogen
• Progesterone
• Aldosterone

Question 10

Which hormones are composed of tyrosine rings with attached iodines?

Answer 10

Thyroid hormones

Question 11

Are thyroid hormones lipid or water soluble?

Answer 11

Lipid

Question 12

Which hormones are composed of chains of amino acids?

Answer 12

Peptide + protein hormones

Question 13

Common peptide and protein hormones

Answer 13

• Hypothalamic inhibiting + releasing hormones
• ADH
• Oxytocin
• hGH
• TSH
• ACTH
• Insulin
• Glucagon
• EPO

Question 14

Which hormones are composed of modified amino acids?

Answer 14

Biogenic amines

Question 15

Common biogenic amines

Answer 15

• Catecholamines
• Serotonin
• Melatonin
• Histamines

Question 16

When are hormones released?

Answer 16

In response to internal and external changes

Question 17

How many target cells do hormones have?

Answer 17

All hormones have 1 or more target cells.

Question 18

How do hormones leave secretory cells?

Answer 18

Exocytosis or diffusion

Question 19

How to hormones target cells?

Answer 19

By binding to the cell surface receptors or the receptors inside the cell

Question 20

How does a cell respond to a hormone?

Answer 20

• New molecule synthesis
• Alteration of existing molecules
• Change in membrane permeability
• Altered rates of reaction

Question 21

Compared to other hormones, the response of cells to a steroid hormone is…

Answer 21

relatively slow

Question 22

Compared to other hormones, the response of cells to water-soluble (peptide) hormones is…

Answer 22

Extremely fast

Question 23

What is a first messenger?

Answer 23

A water soluble hormone (peptide) binding to a cells surface receptor

Question 24

Second messengers

Answer 24

• cAMP
• Calcium ions
• cGMP

Question 25

A hormone that regulates the function of endocrine cells or glands

Answer 25

Tropic hormones

Question 26

The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary gland with special hormones called...

Answer 26

releasing and inhibiting hormones

Question 27

Which cells secrete human growth hormone?

Answer 27

Somatotrophs

Question 28

Which cells secrete thyroid stimulating hormone?

Answer 28

Thyrotrophs

Question 29

Which cells secrete prolactin?

Answer 29

Lactotrophs

Question 30

Which cells secrete FASH and LH?

Answer 30

Gonadotrophs

Question 31

Which cells secrete ACTH and MSH?

Answer 31

Corticotrophs

Question 32

In target cells, what does hGH increase the synthesis of?

Answer 32

Insulin like growth factors

Question 33

Insulin growth factors characteristics

Answer 33

- increase cell growth + division by increasing amino acid intake - stimulate lipolysis in adipose tissue - decrease glucose use by body cells so glucose levels are high enough to supply the brain

Question 34

How often is hGH released?

Answer 34

In bursts every few hours

Question 35

Does the posterior pituitary gland synthesize hormones?

Answer 35

No

Question 36

What does the posterior pituitary gland consist of?

Answer 36

Axon terminals from 2 groups of hypothalamic neurons

Question 37

Where are OT and ADH synthesized?

Answer 37

Hypothalamus

Question 38

Where are OT and ADH secreted?

Answer 38

Posterior pituitary

Question 39

In which part of the hypothalamus is ADH formed?

Answer 39

The supraoptic nucleus

Question 40

ADH is made in response to signals from which receptors?

Answer 40

Osmoreceptors

Question 41

Actions of ADH

Answer 41

- prevents diuresis (decreases urine output) - prevents water loss in sweat glands - Causes constriction of arterioles

Question 42

What happens when you are dehydrated or have a high blood osmolarity?

Answer 42

ADH is released by the posterior pituitary

Question 43

What happens when you are overhydrated or have a low blood osmolarity?

Answer 43

ADH release is inhibited

Question 44

What substance inhibits ADH

Answer 44

Alcohol

Question 45

Diabetes insipidus

Answer 45

- Lack of ADH or nonfunctional ADH receptors - Inability of kidneys to conserve water - Excess urination

Question 46

In hepatocytes insulin stimulates...

Answer 46

glycogen