Lab: The Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the respiratory system?
A
An organ system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels the CO2 it generates
2
Q
Process of gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
A
External respiration
3
Q
Process of gas exchange between capillaries and body cells
A
Internal respiration
4
Q
Movement of air between atmosphere and lungs that occurs during inhalation and exhalation
A
Pulmonary ventilation
5
Q
Seven functions of the respiratory system
A
- Takes air in and expels it
- Cleans, warms, and humidifies air
- Gas exchange
- Communication
- Olfaction
- Acid-base balance
- Blood pressure regulation
6
Q
Structures of the upper respiratory system
A
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
7
Q
Functions of the nose
A
- Warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air
- Detects odors
- Amplifies voice
8
Q
Nasal cavity
A
Internal chamber of nose
Mucus lined
9
Q
Nasal septum
A
Vertical dividing wall
10
Q
Palate
A
Separates nasal cavity from the oral cavity
11
Q
Hard palate
A
Forms floor of nasal cavity and top of oral cavity
12
Q
Soft palate with uvula
A
Prevents food from entering the airway
13
Q
Vestibule
A
Small chamber with guard hairs to block debris from entering
14
Q
Nasal conchae
A
Folds of tissue
- Inferior, middle, and superior
15
Q
Meatuses
A
Narrow air passages formed from conchae
- Inferior, middle, and superior
16
Q
Functions of conchae and meatuses
A
- Increase nasal surface area
- Create turbulent airflow
- Ensures air contracts mucus membrane to trap dust/debris
- Prevent dehydration (traps water droplets during exhalation)
17
Q
Choanae
A
Posterior nasal openings
- Internal nostrils
18
Q
Pharynx
A
A muscular passage in throat where respiratory and digestive tracts cross
19
Q
What pharynx contains muscles for?
A
Swallowing and speech
20
Q
Location of pharynx
A
from posterior nasal apertures to the larynx
21
Q
3 regions of the pharynx
A
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
22
Q
Location of nasopharynx
A
Distal to nasal cavity and superior to soft palate
23
Q
What is the purpose of inhaled air making a 90 degree turn in the nasopharynx?
A
Large molecules can’t make the turn so they get caught in mucosa
24
Q
Pharyngeal tonsil
A
- Responds to airborne pathogens to stop germs from entering the body
- Contains leukocytes
25
What receives the auditory tube?
Nasopharynx
26
Location of the oropharynx
Between the posterior margin of the soft palate and epiglottis
27
Function of oropharynx
Passes food, water, and air
28
What passes through the nasopharynx?
Only air
29
Oropharynx structures
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil
30
Location of the laryngopharynx
- Posterior to larynx
- Starts at the top of of the epiglottis
31
What is the function of the laryngopharynx?
Passes food, water, and air
32
What lines the laryngopharynx
Abrasion-resistant stratified squamos epithelium
33
What is the main function of the larynx?
Keep food and drink out of the airway
34
What are additional functions of the larynx?
- Sound production
- "Voicebox"
35
What are the features of the larynx?
1. Epiglottis
2. Nine cartilages
3. Folds
36
Epiglottis
Flap of tissue guarding the superior guarding the superior opening of the larynx
37
Function of the epiglottis
Helps prevent food from entering the airway
38
At rest, what is the position of the epiglottis?
Vertical (airway open)
39
During swallowing, what is the position of the epiglottis?
Closes airway
40
Which cartilage is the "Adam's apple"?
Thyroid cartilage
41
Which cartilage is superior and spoon shaped?
Epiglottic cartilage
42
Which cartilage is large and shield shaped?
Thyroid cartilage
43
Which cartilage is inferior and ringlike
Cricoid cartilage
44
What type of cartilage is the epiglottis made of?
Elastic cartilage
45
What type of cartilage is the thyroid cartilage made of?
Hyaline cartilage
46
What type of cartilage is the cricoid cartilage made of?
Hyaline cartilage
47
Which cartilage supports tissues between the arytenoids and epiglottis?
Cuneiform cartilage
48
Glottis
Vocal cords and opening between them
49
False vocal cords
Vestibular/ventricular folds
Superior
50
True vocal cords
Vocal folds
Inferior
51
Structures of the lower respiratory system
1. Trachea
2. Bronchi
3. Lungs
4. Diaphragm
52
Windpipe
conducts air from larynx to bronchi
53
What is the purpose of the hyaline cartilage rings on the trachea?
Keep the trachea from collapsing when you inhale
54
Trachealis muscle
smooth muscle that spans opening of hyaline cartilage rings
55
Why would you want a gap in the posterior portion of the hyaline cartilage?
The esophagus needs room to expand for food
56
What is the purpose of the trachealis muscle
Increase air speed with constriction
57
Tracheal bifurcation
trachea ends at a fork where it leads to right and left main bronchi
58
Carina
Cartilage ridge that directs air into bronchi
59
What is the inner lining of the trachea composed of?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
60
In the trachea what is the purpose of mucus?
To trap inhaled particles
61
What does smoking do to the cilia in the trachea?
Paralyzes them
62
Hilum
Where vessels, nerves, and bronchi exit and enter the lungs
63
The pleurae
Serous membrane, lines the thoracic wall and forms the surface of the lung
64
Parietal pleura
Lines the thoracic cavity
65
Visceral pleura
Lines the lungs
66
The pleural cavity is...
Between the pleurae
Fluid filled
and acts as a lubricant to reduce friction
67
Respiratory membrane
barrier between the alveolar air and blood
68
What are the three layers of the respiratory membrane?
1. Alveolar cell
2. Basement membrane
3. Endothelial cell
69
Pneumothorax
Collapsed lung caused by presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity
70
Atelectasis
Collapsed lung caused by deflated/fluid filled alveoli
71
When does a pneumothorax occur?
When a lung is punctured and the pleural cavity fills with air
72
Conducting zone
Passageway for air, no gas exchange capability
73
Respiratory zone
Where gas exchange occurs
74
What is the location of simple squamous epithelium?
Aveoli
75
What is the function of simple squamous epithelium in aveoli?
Diffusion
76
What is the location of the stratified squamous epithelium?
Lining of the mouth and esophagus
77
What is the function of the stratified squamous epithelium in the mouth?
Acts as a protective barrier from abrasion
78
What is the location of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?
Lining of the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi
79
What is the function of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?
Secrete mucus through goblet cells and movement of mucus using cilia
80
What is the location of the hyaline cartilage?
Nose, parts of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi
81
What is the function of hyaline cartilage?
Flexibility and support
82
What is the location of the elastic cartilage?
Epiglottis of larynx
83
What is the function of elastic cartilage?
Provides strength and elasticity, maintains the shape of certain structures
84
Inspiration
Inhaling
85
Expiration
Exhaling
86
Respiratory cycle
One complete breath
87
Quiet respiration
Relaxed, unconscious, and automatic breathing
88
Forced respiration
Usually deep or rapid breathing
89
Boyle's law
P = 1/Volume
90
As volume increases -->
pressure decreases
91
As volume decreases -->
pressure increases
92
Muscles used during normal (quiet) inhalation
- Diaphragm
- External
93
Muscles used during forced inhalation
- Diaphragm
- External intercostals
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Scalenes
- Pectoralis minor
94
Muscles used during quiet (resting) exhalation
none
95
Muscles used during forced exhalation
- Internal intercostals
- External oblique
- Internal oblique
- Transverse abdominis
- Rectus abdominis
96
Spirometry
Pulmonary function test that uses a spirometer to measure lung volumes and rate of inhalation/exhalation
97
Lung volumes
Amount of air moved
98
Respiratory capacity
Combinations of lung volumes
99
Tidal volume
Amount of air inhaled/exhaled during one cycle of normal breath
100
Inspiratory reserve volume
Maximum amount of air inhaled after normal inhalation
101
Expiratory reserve volume
Maximum amount of air exhaled after normal exhalation
102
Residual volume
Amount of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration
103
Inspiratory capacity
Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration
104
Functional residual capacity
Amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal expiration
105
Total lung capacity
Maximum amount of air the lungs can contain
106
Vital capacity
Amount of air that can inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort
107
Total lung capacity equation
TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV
108
Vital lung capacity equation
VC = TV + IRV + ERV
109
Inspiratory capacity equation
IC = TV + IRV
110
Functional residual capacity equation
FRC = ERV + RV
111
Bronchodilation
Increase in diameter of bronchus/bronchioles
112
Bronchoconstriction
Decrease in diameter of bronchus/bronchioles
