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PSIO202 > Lab: The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lab: The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

An organ system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels the CO2 it generates

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2
Q

Process of gas exchange between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

A

External respiration

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3
Q

Process of gas exchange between capillaries and body cells

A

Internal respiration

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4
Q

Movement of air between atmosphere and lungs that occurs during inhalation and exhalation

A

Pulmonary ventilation

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5
Q

Seven functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Takes air in and expels it
  2. Cleans, warms, and humidifies air
  3. Gas exchange
  4. Communication
  5. Olfaction
  6. Acid-base balance
  7. Blood pressure regulation
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6
Q

Structures of the upper respiratory system

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
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7
Q

Functions of the nose

A
  • Warms, cleanses, and humidifies inhaled air
  • Detects odors
  • Amplifies voice
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8
Q

Nasal cavity

A

Internal chamber of nose
Mucus lined

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9
Q

Nasal septum

A

Vertical dividing wall

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10
Q

Palate

A

Separates nasal cavity from the oral cavity

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11
Q

Hard palate

A

Forms floor of nasal cavity and top of oral cavity

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12
Q

Soft palate with uvula

A

Prevents food from entering the airway

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13
Q

Vestibule

A

Small chamber with guard hairs to block debris from entering

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14
Q

Nasal conchae

A

Folds of tissue
- Inferior, middle, and superior

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15
Q

Meatuses

A

Narrow air passages formed from conchae
- Inferior, middle, and superior

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16
Q

Functions of conchae and meatuses

A
  • Increase nasal surface area
  • Create turbulent airflow
  • Ensures air contracts mucus membrane to trap dust/debris
  • Prevent dehydration (traps water droplets during exhalation)
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17
Q

Choanae

A

Posterior nasal openings
- Internal nostrils

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18
Q

Pharynx

A

A muscular passage in throat where respiratory and digestive tracts cross

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19
Q

What pharynx contains muscles for?

A

Swallowing and speech

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20
Q

Location of pharynx

A

from posterior nasal apertures to the larynx

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21
Q

3 regions of the pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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22
Q

Location of nasopharynx

A

Distal to nasal cavity and superior to soft palate

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23
Q

What is the purpose of inhaled air making a 90 degree turn in the nasopharynx?

A

Large molecules can’t make the turn so they get caught in mucosa

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24
Q

Pharyngeal tonsil

A
  • Responds to airborne pathogens to stop germs from entering the body
  • Contains leukocytes
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25
Q

What receives the auditory tube?

A

Nasopharynx

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26
Q

Location of the oropharynx

A

Between the posterior margin of the soft palate and epiglottis

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27
Q

Function of oropharynx

A

Passes food, water, and air

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28
Q

What passes through the nasopharynx?

A

Only air

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29
Q

Oropharynx structures

A

Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil

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30
Q

Location of the laryngopharynx

A
  • Posterior to larynx
  • Starts at the top of of the epiglottis
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31
Q

What is the function of the laryngopharynx?

A

Passes food, water, and air

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32
Q

What lines the laryngopharynx

A

Abrasion-resistant stratified squamos epithelium

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33
Q

What is the main function of the larynx?

A

Keep food and drink out of the airway

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34
Q

What are additional functions of the larynx?

A
  • Sound production
  • “Voicebox”
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35
Q

What are the features of the larynx?

A
  1. Epiglottis
  2. Nine cartilages
  3. Folds
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36
Q

Epiglottis

A

Flap of tissue guarding the superior guarding the superior opening of the larynx

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37
Q

Function of the epiglottis

A

Helps prevent food from entering the airway

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38
Q

At rest, what is the position of the epiglottis?

A

Vertical (airway open)

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39
Q

During swallowing, what is the position of the epiglottis?

A

Closes airway

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40
Q

Which cartilage is the “Adam’s apple”?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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41
Q

Which cartilage is superior and spoon shaped?

A

Epiglottic cartilage

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42
Q

Which cartilage is large and shield shaped?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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43
Q

Which cartilage is inferior and ringlike

A

Cricoid cartilage

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44
Q

What type of cartilage is the epiglottis made of?

A

Elastic cartilage

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45
Q

What type of cartilage is the thyroid cartilage made of?

A

Hyaline cartilage

46
Q

What type of cartilage is the cricoid cartilage made of?

A

Hyaline cartilage

47
Q

Which cartilage supports tissues between the arytenoids and epiglottis?

A

Cuneiform cartilage

48
Q

Glottis

A

Vocal cords and opening between them

49
Q

False vocal cords

A

Vestibular/ventricular folds
Superior

50
Q

True vocal cords

A

Vocal folds
Inferior

51
Q

Structures of the lower respiratory system

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Bronchi
  3. Lungs
  4. Diaphragm
52
Q

Windpipe

A

conducts air from larynx to bronchi

53
Q

What is the purpose of the hyaline cartilage rings on the trachea?

A

Keep the trachea from collapsing when you inhale

54
Q

Trachealis muscle

A

smooth muscle that spans opening of hyaline cartilage rings

55
Q

Why would you want a gap in the posterior portion of the hyaline cartilage?

A

The esophagus needs room to expand for food

56
Q

What is the purpose of the trachealis muscle

A

Increase air speed with constriction

57
Q

Tracheal bifurcation

A

trachea ends at a fork where it leads to right and left main bronchi

58
Q

Carina

A

Cartilage ridge that directs air into bronchi

59
Q

What is the inner lining of the trachea composed of?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

60
Q

In the trachea what is the purpose of mucus?

A

To trap inhaled particles

61
Q

What does smoking do to the cilia in the trachea?

A

Paralyzes them

62
Q

Hilum

A

Where vessels, nerves, and bronchi exit and enter the lungs

63
Q

The pleurae

A

Serous membrane, lines the thoracic wall and forms the surface of the lung

64
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Lines the thoracic cavity

65
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Lines the lungs

66
Q

The pleural cavity is…

A

Between the pleurae
Fluid filled
and acts as a lubricant to reduce friction

67
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

barrier between the alveolar air and blood

68
Q

What are the three layers of the respiratory membrane?

A
  1. Alveolar cell
  2. Basement membrane
  3. Endothelial cell
69
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Collapsed lung caused by presence of air or gas in the pleural cavity

70
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapsed lung caused by deflated/fluid filled alveoli

71
Q

When does a pneumothorax occur?

A

When a lung is punctured and the pleural cavity fills with air

72
Q

Conducting zone

A

Passageway for air, no gas exchange capability

73
Q

Respiratory zone

A

Where gas exchange occurs

74
Q

What is the location of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Aveoli

75
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium in aveoli?

A

Diffusion

76
Q

What is the location of the stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Lining of the mouth and esophagus

77
Q

What is the function of the stratified squamous epithelium in the mouth?

A

Acts as a protective barrier from abrasion

78
Q

What is the location of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

A

Lining of the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi

79
Q

What is the function of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

A

Secrete mucus through goblet cells and movement of mucus using cilia

80
Q

What is the location of the hyaline cartilage?

A

Nose, parts of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi

81
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A

Flexibility and support

82
Q

What is the location of the elastic cartilage?

A

Epiglottis of larynx

83
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

A

Provides strength and elasticity, maintains the shape of certain structures

84
Q

Inspiration

A

Inhaling

85
Q

Expiration

A

Exhaling

86
Q

Respiratory cycle

A

One complete breath

87
Q

Quiet respiration

A

Relaxed, unconscious, and automatic breathing

88
Q

Forced respiration

A

Usually deep or rapid breathing

89
Q

Boyle’s law

A

P = 1/Volume

90
Q

As volume increases –>

A

pressure decreases

91
Q

As volume decreases –>

A

pressure increases

92
Q

Muscles used during normal (quiet) inhalation

A
  • Diaphragm
  • External
93
Q

Muscles used during forced inhalation

A
  • Diaphragm
  • External intercostals
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Scalenes
  • Pectoralis minor
94
Q

Muscles used during quiet (resting) exhalation

A

none

95
Q

Muscles used during forced exhalation

A
  • Internal intercostals
  • External oblique
  • Internal oblique
  • Transverse abdominis
  • Rectus abdominis
96
Q

Spirometry

A

Pulmonary function test that uses a spirometer to measure lung volumes and rate of inhalation/exhalation

97
Q

Lung volumes

A

Amount of air moved

98
Q

Respiratory capacity

A

Combinations of lung volumes

99
Q

Tidal volume

A

Amount of air inhaled/exhaled during one cycle of normal breath

100
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Maximum amount of air inhaled after normal inhalation

101
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Maximum amount of air exhaled after normal exhalation

102
Q

Residual volume

A

Amount of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration

103
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration

104
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

Amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal expiration

105
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Maximum amount of air the lungs can contain

106
Q

Vital capacity

A

Amount of air that can inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort

107
Q

Total lung capacity equation

A

TLC = TV + IRV + ERV + RV

108
Q

Vital lung capacity equation

A

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

109
Q

Inspiratory capacity equation

A

IC = TV + IRV

110
Q

Functional residual capacity equation

A

FRC = ERV + RV

111
Q

Bronchodilation

A

Increase in diameter of bronchus/bronchioles

112
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

Decrease in diameter of bronchus/bronchioles

PSIO202 (15 decks)

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