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PSIO202 > Lab: Digestive System > Flashcards

Lab: Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the digestive system

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Compaction
Defecation

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2
Q

Rounded mushy lump of food - esophagus

A

Bolus

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3
Q

Liquefied food - stomach and small intestine

A

Chyme

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4
Q

Densely packed waste - colon/large intestine

A

Feces

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5
Q

Uptake of a substance

A

Absorption

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6
Q

Removing water

A

Desiccation

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7
Q

Breakdown of chunks of food into smaller bits of the same food

A

Mechanical digestion

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8
Q

Breakdown of macronutrients into smaller molecules

A

Chemical digestion

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9
Q

Consumption via mouth

A

Ingestion

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10
Q

Chewing

A

Mastication

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11
Q

Swallowing

A

Deglutition

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12
Q

Pushing/moving forward

A

Propulsion

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13
Q

Waves of smooth muscle contraction that causes propulsion

A

Peristalsis

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14
Q

Expelling feces from the GI tract

A

Defaction

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15
Q

Method of mechanical breakdown

A

Churning

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16
Q

Mechanical breakdown in intestines breaking food into segments as well as mixing

A

Segmentation

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17
Q

Digestive tract organs

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum and anus

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18
Q

Accessory Organs

A

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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19
Q

Serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity wall

A

Peritoneum

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20
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

Duodenum
Parts of pancreas
Parts of large intestine

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21
Q

Holds small intestine to posterior abdominal wall

A

Mesentery peritoneal fold

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22
Q

Holds large intestine to posterior abdominal wall

A

Mesocolon peritoneal fold

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23
Q

Layer of fat that loosely covers the transverse colon and small intenstine

A

Greater omentum

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24
Q

Connects medial curve of the stomach with the liver

A

Lesser omentum

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25
Q

Binds liver to anterior abdominal wall

A

Falciform ligament

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26
Q

Layers of mucosa

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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27
Q

Controls peristalsis and other contractions of the muscularis externa

A

Myenteric plexus

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28
Q

Controls the muscularis mucosae and glandular secretions of mucosa

A

Submucosal

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29
Q

Aids the tongue in holding and manipulating food

A

Hard palate

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30
Q

Helps retain food in the mouth until one is ready to swallow

A

Uvula

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31
Q

Aids in food intake, compression and breakdown of food, secretion of enzymes, and initiates swallowing

A

Tongue

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32
Q

Attaches eat lip to the gum anteriorly between incisors

A

Superior and inferior labial frenulum

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33
Q

Fold that attaches the floor of the mouth to the tongue

A

Lingual Frenulum

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34
Q

Cover tooth sockets and help anchor teeth

A

Gingivae (gums)

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35
Q

Aids in mastication

A

Teeth

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36
Q

How many teeth do we have in the upper and lower jaw?

A

16 each

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37
Q

4 types of teeth

A

Incisor
Canine
Premolar
Molar

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38
Q

Function of teeth

A

Mechanically break food by mechanical process called mastication

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39
Q

3 regions of a tooth

A

Crown
Neck
Root

40
Q

Most of the tooth is formed from…

A

Dentin

41
Q

What covers and protects dentin of the tooth crown?

A

Enamel

42
Q

What covers the dentin of the tooth root?

A

Cementum

43
Q

What is the purpose of the incisor?

A

To cut

44
Q

What is the purpose of the canine?

A

Tear or shred

45
Q

What are the functions of the premolars and the molars?

A

Crush and grind

46
Q

Portion of the tooth above the gum

A

Crown

47
Q

Portion of the tooth below the gum

A

Root

48
Q

Portion of the tooth where the crown, root, and gum meet

A

Neck

49
Q

What anchors the tooth to the underlying bone

A

Periodontal ligament

50
Q

Hard yellowish calcified connective tissue that makes up the majority of the tooth

A

Dentin

51
Q

What protects the tooth from wear and tear

A

Enamel

52
Q

Space occupied by pulp - loose connective tissue, blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

A

Pulp cavity

53
Q

Narrow portion of pulp cavity located in the root

A

Root canal

54
Q

Pore in which vessels and nerves enter the tooth at base of each root canal

A

Apical foramen

55
Q

Secretory cells that secrete watery fluid enzymes

A

Serous acini / serous cells

56
Q

Four regions of the stomach

A

Cardia
Fundus
Body
Pyloric part

57
Q

Interface between the esophagus and stomach

A

Cardia

58
Q

Holds both undigested food and gases released during digestion

A

Fundus

59
Q

Main portion of the stomach where most churning and digestion takes place

A

Body

60
Q

Holds the broken down food until it is ready to be released into the small intestine

A

Pyloric antrum and canal

61
Q

Supply new cells which migrate upward and downward to replace cells that die

A

Regenerative stem cells

62
Q

Pink cells that produce HCL

A

Parietal cells

63
Q

In lower end of gland to secrete hormones to regulate digestion

A

Enteroendocrine cells

64
Q

Pear-shaped sac on the underside of the liver

A

Gallbladder

65
Q

Digestive function of the gallbladder

A

Stores and concentrates bile

66
Q

Digestive function of the pancreas

A

Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the duodenum

67
Q

Expanded chamber formed when the bile duct joins the duct of the pancreas

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

68
Q

Regulates the passage of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum

A

Hepatopancreatic Sphincter

69
Q

Muscular fold of tissue containing hepatopancreatic sphincter

A

Duodenal Papilla

70
Q

Where does most absorption of fluid and nutrient occur?

A

Small intestine

71
Q

Where does most absorption of minerals and nutrients occur in the SI?

A

Jejunum

72
Q

Valve separating the small from the large intestine

A

Ileal papilla

73
Q

Digestive function of the large intestine

A

Absorbs remaining water and segments of bolus

74
Q

Keeps bacteria in the large intestine from invading the small intestine

A

Ileocecal sphincter

75
Q

Regulate movement of feces

A

Anal sphincters

76
Q

Which anal sphincter is involuntary smooth muscle?

A

Internal anal sphincter

77
Q

Which anal sphincter is voluntary skeletal muscle?

A

External anal sphincter

78
Q

Late stage scarring of the liver

A

Liver cirrhosis

79
Q

Causes of liver cirrhosis

A

Alcohol
Diabetes
Obesity
Liver disease

80
Q

Risk factors of liver cirrhosis

A

Fatty liver
Autoimmune hepatitis
Cystic fibrosis

81
Q

Symptoms of liver cirrhosis

A

Loss of appetite
Weakness
Nausea
Fever
Edema
Yellow skin

82
Q

Molecules made up of large numbers of repeating units

A

Polymers

83
Q

Individual units of polymers

A

Monomers

84
Q

The three macronutrients

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids

85
Q

Simplest carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

86
Q

Three monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

87
Q

Long chains of monosaccharides bound together

A

Polysaccharides

88
Q

Energy-storage polysaccharide in places like liver, muscle, and brain

A

Glycogen

89
Q

Energy-storage polysaccharide in plants

A

starch

90
Q

Important dietary fiber that we have no enzymes to digest

A

Cellulose

91
Q

Nonpolar macromolecules consisting of one or more fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone

A

Lipids

92
Q

A substance an enzyme acts upon

A

Substrate

93
Q

What is released by an enzyme?

A

Reaction products

94
Q

Average mouth pH

A

7

95
Q

Average stomach pH

A

2

96
Q

Average small intestine pH

A

7

97
Q

Is saliva an exocrine or endocrine secretion?

A

Exocrine

PSIO202 (15 decks)

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