Lab: Digestive System Flashcards by Kennedy Nora Claud

Functions of the digestive system

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Compaction
Defecation

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Rounded mushy lump of food - esophagus

Bolus

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Liquefied food - stomach and small intestine

Chyme

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Densely packed waste - colon/large intestine

Feces

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Uptake of a substance

Absorption

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Removing water

Desiccation

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Breakdown of chunks of food into smaller bits of the same food

Mechanical digestion

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Breakdown of macronutrients into smaller molecules

Chemical digestion

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Consumption via mouth

Ingestion

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Chewing

Mastication

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Swallowing

Deglutition

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Pushing/moving forward

Propulsion

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Waves of smooth muscle contraction that causes propulsion

Peristalsis

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Expelling feces from the GI tract

Defaction

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Method of mechanical breakdown

Churning

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Mechanical breakdown in intestines breaking food into segments as well as mixing

Segmentation

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Digestive tract organs

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum and anus

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Accessory Organs

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas

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Serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity wall

Peritoneum

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Retroperitoneal organs

Duodenum
Parts of pancreas
Parts of large intestine

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Holds small intestine to posterior abdominal wall

Mesentery peritoneal fold

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Holds large intestine to posterior abdominal wall

Mesocolon peritoneal fold

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Layer of fat that loosely covers the transverse colon and small intenstine

Greater omentum

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Connects medial curve of the stomach with the liver

Lesser omentum

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Binds liver to anterior abdominal wall

Falciform ligament

Layers of mucosa

Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae

Controls peristalsis and other contractions of the muscularis externa

Myenteric plexus

Controls the muscularis mucosae and glandular secretions of mucosa

Submucosal

Aids the tongue in holding and manipulating food

Hard palate

Helps retain food in the mouth until one is ready to swallow

Uvula

Aids in food intake, compression and breakdown of food, secretion of enzymes, and initiates swallowing

Tongue

Attaches eat lip to the gum anteriorly between incisors

Superior and inferior labial frenulum

Fold that attaches the floor of the mouth to the tongue

Lingual Frenulum

Cover tooth sockets and help anchor teeth

Gingivae (gums)

Aids in mastication

Teeth

How many teeth do we have in the upper and lower jaw?

16 each

4 types of teeth

Incisor Canine Premolar Molar

Function of teeth

Mechanically break food by mechanical process called mastication

3 regions of a tooth

Crown Neck Root

Most of the tooth is formed from...

Dentin

What covers and protects dentin of the tooth crown?

Enamel

What covers the dentin of the tooth root?

Cementum

What is the purpose of the incisor?

To cut

What is the purpose of the canine?

Tear or shred

What are the functions of the premolars and the molars?

Crush and grind

Portion of the tooth above the gum

Crown

Portion of the tooth below the gum

Root

Portion of the tooth where the crown, root, and gum meet

Neck

What anchors the tooth to the underlying bone

Periodontal ligament

Hard yellowish calcified connective tissue that makes up the majority of the tooth

Dentin

What protects the tooth from wear and tear

Enamel

Space occupied by pulp - loose connective tissue, blood, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

Pulp cavity

Narrow portion of pulp cavity located in the root

Root canal

Pore in which vessels and nerves enter the tooth at base of each root canal

Apical foramen

Secretory cells that secrete watery fluid enzymes

Serous acini / serous cells

Four regions of the stomach

Cardia Fundus Body Pyloric part

Interface between the esophagus and stomach

Cardia

Holds both undigested food and gases released during digestion

Fundus

Main portion of the stomach where most churning and digestion takes place

Body

Holds the broken down food until it is ready to be released into the small intestine

Pyloric antrum and canal

Supply new cells which migrate upward and downward to replace cells that die

Regenerative stem cells

Pink cells that produce HCL

Parietal cells

In lower end of gland to secrete hormones to regulate digestion

Enteroendocrine cells

Pear-shaped sac on the underside of the liver

Gallbladder

Digestive function of the gallbladder

Stores and concentrates bile

Digestive function of the pancreas

Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the duodenum

Expanded chamber formed when the bile duct joins the duct of the pancreas

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

Regulates the passage of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum

Hepatopancreatic Sphincter

Muscular fold of tissue containing hepatopancreatic sphincter

Duodenal Papilla

Where does most absorption of fluid and nutrient occur?

Small intestine

Where does most absorption of minerals and nutrients occur in the SI?

Jejunum

Valve separating the small from the large intestine

Ileal papilla

Digestive function of the large intestine

Absorbs remaining water and segments of bolus

Keeps bacteria in the large intestine from invading the small intestine

Ileocecal sphincter

Regulate movement of feces

Anal sphincters

Which anal sphincter is involuntary smooth muscle?

Internal anal sphincter

Which anal sphincter is voluntary skeletal muscle?

External anal sphincter

Late stage scarring of the liver

Liver cirrhosis

Causes of liver cirrhosis

Alcohol Diabetes Obesity Liver disease

Risk factors of liver cirrhosis

Fatty liver Autoimmune hepatitis Cystic fibrosis

Symptoms of liver cirrhosis

Loss of appetite Weakness Nausea Fever Edema Yellow skin

Molecules made up of large numbers of repeating units

Polymers

Individual units of polymers

Monomers

The three macronutrients

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids

Simplest carbohydrates

Monosaccharides

Three monosaccharides

Glucose Galactose Fructose

Long chains of monosaccharides bound together

Polysaccharides

Energy-storage polysaccharide in places like liver, muscle, and brain

Glycogen

Energy-storage polysaccharide in plants

starch

Important dietary fiber that we have no enzymes to digest

Cellulose

Nonpolar macromolecules consisting of one or more fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone

Lipids

A substance an enzyme acts upon

Substrate

What is released by an enzyme?

Reaction products

Average mouth pH

Average stomach pH

Average small intestine pH

Is saliva an exocrine or endocrine secretion?

Exocrine