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PSIO202 > Lab: Lymphatic and Immune System > Flashcards

Lab: Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Organ system where immune cells are especially concentrated

A

Lymphatic system

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2
Q

NOT an organ system
but a collection of cells that defend against agents of disease

A

Immune system

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3
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

Consists of a network of veinlike vessels that penetrate nearly every tissue of the body and a collection of tissues and organs that produce immune cells

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4
Q

Functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Fluid recovery
  2. Immunity
  3. Lipid absorption
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5
Q

What does fluid recovery mean?

A

Collect/filter/return interstitial fluid

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6
Q

Capillaries absorb what percent of interstitial fluid?

A

85%

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7
Q

What percent of interstitial fluid is recovered by the lymphatic system?

A

15%
2-4L

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8
Q

In the lymphatic system, where does ISF pass through before re-entering the blood stream?

A

Lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue

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9
Q

Lacteals

A

Specialized lymphatic vessels in the small intestine

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10
Q

What vitamins do lacteals absorb?

A

A, D, E, K
- lipid soluble vitamins

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11
Q

Lymph

A

Clear, colorless fluid, that flows through lymphatic vessels

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12
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Transport lymph

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13
Q

Lymphatic organs

A
  • Red bone marrow
  • Thymus
  • Lymph nodes
  • Tonsils
  • Spleen
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14
Q

What is different between lymph and blood plasma?

A

They’re very similar but lymph is low in protein

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15
Q

Does lymph flow use a pump?

A

No

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16
Q

Terminal capillaries

A

Microscopic lymphatic vessels formed by thin endothelial cells that loosely overlap each other

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17
Q

Collecting vessels

A

Lymphatic vessels that travel along veins and arteries that carry lymph to and from lymph nodes

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18
Q

What is the site of T and B cell activation?

A

Lymph nodes

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19
Q

Partially divide interior of node into compartments

A

Trabeculae with trabecular sinus

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20
Q

Outer region of the lymph node

A

Cortex with subscapsular sinus

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21
Q

Inner region of the lymph node

A

Medulla with medullary sinus

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22
Q

Where lymph enters the lymph node

A

Afferent lymphatic vessels

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23
Q

Where lymph exits the vessels

A

Efferent lymphatic vessels

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24
Q

Cisterna chyli

A

A sac where two lumbar trunks and intestinal trunk join

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25
Q

What are the two collecting ducts?

A

Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct

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26
Q

Has a capsule that separates the lymphatic tissue from neighboring tissue

A

Lymphatic organs

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27
Q

Primary lymphatic tissue definition

A

Sites where lymphocytes are produced and become mature or immunocompetent

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28
Q

Secondary lymphatic tissue definition

A

Site where immunocompetent lymphocytes migrate after they mature

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29
Q

Immunocompetent definition

A

The ability of T cells and B cells to distinguish foreign molecules from self

30
Q

When do B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes become immunocompetent?

A

When they become capable of recognizing and responding to antigens

31
Q

Where can red bone marrow be found?

A

proximal heads of the humerus and femur

32
Q

Which type of cell reaches immunocompetence in red bone marrow?

A

B lymphocytes (B Cells)

33
Q

Which type of cell reaches immunocompetence in the thymus?

A

T lymphocytes (T) cells

34
Q

Aggregations of lymphatic nodules that guard against ingested and inhaled pathogens

35
Q

Tonsilitis

A

Acute inflammation of palatine tonsils usually treated with antibiotics

36
Q

Tonsillectomy

A

Surgical removal of tonsils

37
Q

In a fetus, where are blood cells produced?

38
Q

Largest lymphatic organ

39
Q

Functions of the spleen

A
  1. Monitors passing blood for antigens
  2. Reserve of monocytes
  3. Eliminates erythrocytes
  4. Reservoir of thrombocytes
40
Q

Aggregations of lymphocytes in organs and connective tissues

A

Lymphatic tissues

41
Q

Prevents invading pathogens from infiltrating the mucous membranes of the body

A

Mucose-associated lymphatic tissue

42
Q

Where is mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue located?

A

Body passages open to exterior
- Respiratory tract
- Digestive tract
- Urinary tract
- Reproductive tract

43
Q

Dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages

A

Lymphatic nodules

44
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Aggregations of nodules in small intestine

45
Q

What are thrombocytes fragments of?

A

Megakaryocytes

46
Q

Do thrombocytes have a nucleus?

47
Q

Where are erythrocytes produced?

A

Red bone marrow

48
Q

Where do T cells mature?

49
Q

Types of T cells

A
  1. Memory T cells
  2. Helper T cells
  3. Cytotoxic T cells
50
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

51
Q

Types of B cells

A
  1. Memory B cells
  2. Plasma cells
52
Q

Molecules capable of causing an immune response

53
Q

Proteins secreted by plasma cells to bind a specific antigen and mark it for elimination or destruction

A

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

54
Q

What types of lymphocytes respond more quickly to future infections by the same pathogen?

A

Memory T and memory B cells

55
Q

Mobile antigen-presenting cells that function similarly to macrophages

A

Dendritic cells

56
Q

Stationary antigen-presenting cells that are located in sinuses and bone marrow

A

Reticular cells

57
Q

Cells that kill cancer cells and other infected host cells

A

Natural Killer cells

58
Q

“Big eaters” that clear debris and present antigens to other cells

A

Monocytes –> Macrophages

59
Q

What are the antigen-presenting cells?

A
  • B cells
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • Reticular cells
60
Q

What do antigen-presenting cells do when they encounter an antigen?

A
  1. Internalize it
  2. Digest it into fragments
  3. Display relevant antigen fragments on membrane for T cells to inspect
61
Q

What is the blood type if A antigens are present on an Erythrocyte?

62
Q

What is the blood type if B antigens are present on an Erythrocyte?

63
Q

What is the blood type if both A and B antigens are present on an Erythrocyte?

64
Q

What is the blood type if there are no antigens are present on an Erythrocyte?

65
Q

Describe the antibodies erythrocytes have

A

The body makes antibodies against antigens not found on one’s own erythrocytes

66
Q

Why would someone with type A blood, not produce antibodies for the A antigen?

A

Anti-A antibodies would react with antigen A, and tag the cell for destruction

67
Q

When antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of erythrocytes causing clumping of erythrocytes

A

Agglutination

68
Q

What is the purpose of agglutination?

A

Prompt an immune reaction

69
Q

Why are agglutination and coagulation (clotting) different?

A

Agglutination is an immune response, coagulation is to prevent blood loss

70
Q

Transfusion reaction

A

Occurs when incompatible blood is given during a transfusion

71
Q

What would happen if someone with anti-A antibodies received type A blood?

A
  • Agglutination follow by destruction of erythrocytes by hemolysis
  • Free hemoglobin can block kidney tubules and causes renal failure
72
Q

Hemolysis

A

bursting of blood cells

PSIO202 (15 decks)

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