unit 2 exam Flashcards
1
Q
what is the ocular (microscope)
A
the lens closest to the eye
2
Q
what is the diopter ring (microscope)
A
ring around the ocular that moves it open and close for difference between two eyes
3
Q
what is the arm (microscope)
A
the long part you hold to pick it up
4
Q
what is the noisepiece (Micoroscope)
A
the part that swivels the eye piece
5
Q
what is the objectives (microscope)
A
lenses that are closest to the object to be magnified
6
Q
what are the 3 different type of objectives (microscope)
A
scanning
low power
high power
7
Q
how much power is scanning (Microscrope)
A
4x
8
Q
how much power is low power (microscope)
A
10x
9
Q
how much power is high power (microscope)
A
40x
10
Q
what is the stage (Microscope)
A
the flat black piece that the object is placed upon
11
Q
what is the slide holder (microscope)
A
holds the slide
12
Q
what is the fine focus (Microscope)
A
small knob that moves the noisepiece and objectives up and down in very small distances to sharpen the focus
13
Q
what is the coarse focus (Microscope)
A
the large knob that moves the nosepiece and objectives up and down in very large distances to sharpen the focus
14
Q
what is the base (microscope)
A
the very bottom where the microscope rests
15
Q
what is the condenser (microscope)
A
focuses and directs light towards the objects
16
Q
what is the diaphragm (Micrscope)
A
it adjusts to allow various amounts of light to illuminate the slide
17
Q
which objective do you begin with when looking at a microscope
A
scanning 4x
18
Q
what is a somatic cell
A
every cell except sex cells/ gametes
19
Q
what are gametes
A
sex cells
20
Q
what does mitosis end with
A
2 identical diploid cells (2n)w
21
Q
what does meiosis end with
A
4 haploid cells (1n)
22
Q
are somatic cells haploid or diploid
A
diploid 2n
23
Q
are gametes cells haploid or diploid
A
haploid 1n
24
Q
how many chromsomes does mitosis end in
A
46
25
how many chromosomes does meiosis end in
23
26
what are the phases of mitosis
interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
27
what does the centromere hold
sister chromatids
28
mitosis can copy all chromosomes except the
sex chromosomes
29
what is the purpose of mitosis
growth
repair
asexual reproduction
30
what is the purpose of meiosis
sexual reproduction
31
what are the 2 main phases of mitosis
interphase and mitotic
32
what phase do cells spend the most time in during mitosis
interphase
33
how many checkpoints are in interphase
3
34
what are the checkpoints in interphase in order
G1
S
G2
35
what does the checkpont G1 do
cell growth by eating and collecting nutrients
36
what does checkpoint S do
DNA synthesis by copying the DNA and making sister chromatids
37
what does the checkpoint G2 do
cell growth by visually growing because of organelles doubling
38
what is the goal of prophase
to gain access to the chromosomes in the nucleus
39
what happens in prophase during mitosis
nuclear envelope dissolves
centrosomes move to opposite poles
spindles push the centrosomes to move to opposite poles
sister chromatids begin to coil tightly
40
what happens during metaphase in mitosis
chromosomes align in a plane
each sister chromatids attachs to spindle microtubules at the centromere
41
what happens during anaphase in mitosis
sister chromatids split apart at the centromere
each chromatid pulled toward the centrosome
cell becomes elongated
42
what happens during telophase in mitosis
the reverse of the first 3 steps
chromosomes unravel
spindles dissolve
nuclear envelopes from around 2 seperate chromosomes
pinching occurs
Have Not fully seperated
43
which cells has cleavage furrow
animals
44
which cells have phase plate
plants
45
what happens during cytokinesis in mitosis
cut right down the cleavage furrow or phase plate
physically seperated at the cytoplasm
46
what are the phases of meiosis
interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
47
how many rounds of division does meiosis goes through
2 rounds
48
which meiosis looks most similar to mitosis
meiosis 2
49
what is xx
female
50
what is xy
male
51
what happens during interphase 1 in meiosis
double chromsomes
52
what happens in prophase 1 in meiosis
homologous chromosomes pair up and cross over segments
53
what happens in metaphase 1 in meiosis
pairs of homologous chromosomes line up in independent assortment
54
what happens during anaphase 1 in meiosis
pair of homologous chromosomes split up
55
what happens during telophase 1 and cytokinesis in meiosis
2 haploid cells from and chromosomes are still doubled for next division
56
what happens in meiosis 2
steps are same in meiosis 1 but you end up with 4 diverse haploid cells
and happens to sister chromatids not homologous pairs
57
in which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur
prophase 1
58
what is crossing over in meiosis
when homologous chromosomes exchange pieces of genetic info and forms new genetic combinations
59
what do your cells do during cancer
when your cells undergo non stop mitosis or uncontrolled cell division
60
what are some cancer treatment options
radiation therapy
chemotherapy
tumor removal
61
what is a benign tumor
grows but doesn't invade tissue
62
what is a malignant tumor
grows and does invade tissue
63
what are some sources of genetic mutations that can cause cancer
DNA copy error
genetic inheritance
viruses
environment
64
BRACCA mutation is passe down how
genetically because its found in the germ cell level
65
when do sister chromatids separate in meiosis
anaphase 2
66
what is non dijunction
pair of homologous chromosomes fails to seperate or pair of sister chromatids fails to seperate
67
what can non disjunction lead to
abnormal chromosomes
68
what is trisomy 21
down syndrome caused by an extra chromsomes 21
69
how did algae turn to present plants
gas exchange
support or vascular with stem and roots
ability to prevent dessication (dehydration)
70
what is the evolution in order of algae to plants
algae
bryophytes
pteridophytes
gymnosperms
angiosperms
71
what is a bryophyte
moss type plants
produces spores
breeds in water
72
what is pterophytes
ferns
produces spores
breeds in water
has vascular
73
what is gymnosperms
cone producers
breed on land
naked seeds
74
what is angiosperms
flower and fruit producers
breed on land
covered seeds
75
when do homologous chromosomes seperate in meiosis
anaphase 1
76
what 3 things create genetic diverisity in humans
independent assortment
random fertlization
crossing over
77
where is ATP made in a plant
chloroplasts and mitochondria
78
where does photosynthesis occur in plants
chloroplasts
79
which process fermentation or cellular respiration makes more ATP
cellular respiration
80
what is the end product of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide and water
ATP
81
what is the end product of photosynthesis
glucose and oxygen
82
do plants have mitochondria
yes
83
do animal cells have mitochondria
yes
84
do prokaryotes have mitochondria
no
85
what is the purpose of filament in a flower
to hold up the anther
86
what is the purpose of anther in a flower
to make pollen
87
what is the purpose of petals in a flower
to protect
provide color
attract pollinators
88
what is the purpose of stigma in a flower
holds on to the pollen
89
what is the purpose of style in a flower
connects the stigma and ovary
holds the stigma and concentrates the pollen to the ovary
90
what is the purpose of ovary in a flower
protects and holds the ovule
91
what is the purpose of ovules in a flower
eggs of the flower
92
what is the purpose of sepal in a flower
provides structure to the petals before blooming
93
what is the purpose of receptical in a flower
base of the flower
central location where everything converges
basin that supports the whole flower structure
94
where is pollen found
in the anther
95
what are the male organs of a flower
filament
anther
96
what part of the flower is the fruit
the ovaries
97
what plant groups produces pollen
angiosperms
gymnosperms
98
cellular respiration occurs when there is
oxygen
99
fermentation occurs when there is
no oxygen
100
what is the equation for cellular respiration
C6H1206 + 602 = 6CO2 + 6H20 +ATP
101
what is the written version equation for cellular respiration
glucose + 6oxygen = 6carbon dioxide + 6water + ATP
102
what is the written version equation for fermentation
glucose + enzymes = carbon dioxide + ethanol or lactic acid
103
what is the equation for fermentation
C6H1206 = 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH
104
where does cellular respiration occur
in the cytoplasm and mitochondria
105
where does photosynthesis occur
chloroplasts
106
what are the steps of cellular respiration
glycolysis
citric acid cycle
electron transport chain
107
where does glycolysis occur
in the cytoplasm
108
where does the citric acid cycle occure
in the mitochondria matrix
109
where does the electron transport chain occur
in the mitochondria
110
what is the steps of photosynthesis
light dependent reactions
Calvin cycle
111
where does light dependent reactions occur
thylakoids
112
where does the calvin cycle occur
stroma
113
does glycolysis happen in fermentation
yes
114
what is an autotroph
self feeders like plants
115
what is a heterotroph
organisms that eat other organisms
116
what is kinetic energy
objects in motion
energy in motion
117
what is photon waves
move in the form of waves
118
what is light energy
kinetic energy
119
how does wavelength effect how strong or weak the wave is
short length = strong wave
long length = short wave
120
what is potential energy
energy that is stored like chemical energy
121
what is energy
ATP = the currency of our cells
122
what is the 1st law of thermodynamics
conservation of energy
123
what does conservation of energy law state
that energy can neither be created or destroyed
124
what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics
the law of entropy
125
what does the law of entropy state
states that energy conversion isn't 100 effective
you lose some energy in the form of heat
126
how does ATP turn to ADP to create energy
by cutting off 1 phosphate group
127
