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Biol B1 Unit 1 > unit 2 exam > Flashcards

unit 2 exam Flashcards

1
Q

what is the ocular (microscope)

A

the lens closest to the eye

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2
Q

what is the diopter ring (microscope)

A

ring around the ocular that moves it open and close for difference between two eyes

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3
Q

what is the arm (microscope)

A

the long part you hold to pick it up

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4
Q

what is the noisepiece (Micoroscope)

A

the part that swivels the eye piece

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5
Q

what is the objectives (microscope)

A

lenses that are closest to the object to be magnified

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6
Q

what are the 3 different type of objectives (microscope)

A

scanning
low power
high power

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7
Q

how much power is scanning (Microscrope)

A

4x

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8
Q

how much power is low power (microscope)

A

10x

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9
Q

how much power is high power (microscope)

A

40x

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10
Q

what is the stage (Microscope)

A

the flat black piece that the object is placed upon

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11
Q

what is the slide holder (microscope)

A

holds the slide

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12
Q

what is the fine focus (Microscope)

A

small knob that moves the noisepiece and objectives up and down in very small distances to sharpen the focus

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13
Q

what is the coarse focus (Microscope)

A

the large knob that moves the nosepiece and objectives up and down in very large distances to sharpen the focus

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14
Q

what is the base (microscope)

A

the very bottom where the microscope rests

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15
Q

what is the condenser (microscope)

A

focuses and directs light towards the objects

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16
Q

what is the diaphragm (Micrscope)

A

it adjusts to allow various amounts of light to illuminate the slide

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17
Q

which objective do you begin with when looking at a microscope

A

scanning 4x

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18
Q

what is a somatic cell

A

every cell except sex cells/ gametes

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19
Q

what are gametes

A

sex cells

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20
Q

what does mitosis end with

A

2 identical diploid cells (2n)w

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21
Q

what does meiosis end with

A

4 haploid cells (1n)

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22
Q

are somatic cells haploid or diploid

A

diploid 2n

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23
Q

are gametes cells haploid or diploid

A

haploid 1n

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24
Q

how many chromsomes does mitosis end in

A

46

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25
Q

how many chromosomes does meiosis end in

A

23

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26
Q

what are the phases of mitosis

A

interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis

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27
Q

what does the centromere hold

A

sister chromatids

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28
Q

mitosis can copy all chromosomes except the

A

sex chromosomes

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29
Q

what is the purpose of mitosis

A

growth
repair
asexual reproduction

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30
Q

what is the purpose of meiosis

A

sexual reproduction

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31
Q

what are the 2 main phases of mitosis

A

interphase and mitotic

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32
Q

what phase do cells spend the most time in during mitosis

A

interphase

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33
Q

how many checkpoints are in interphase

A

3

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34
Q

what are the checkpoints in interphase in order

A

G1
S
G2

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35
Q

what does the checkpont G1 do

A

cell growth by eating and collecting nutrients

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36
Q

what does checkpoint S do

A

DNA synthesis by copying the DNA and making sister chromatids

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37
Q

what does the checkpoint G2 do

A

cell growth by visually growing because of organelles doubling

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38
Q

what is the goal of prophase

A

to gain access to the chromosomes in the nucleus

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39
Q

what happens in prophase during mitosis

A

nuclear envelope dissolves
centrosomes move to opposite poles
spindles push the centrosomes to move to opposite poles
sister chromatids begin to coil tightly

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40
Q

what happens during metaphase in mitosis

A

chromosomes align in a plane
each sister chromatids attachs to spindle microtubules at the centromere

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41
Q

what happens during anaphase in mitosis

A

sister chromatids split apart at the centromere
each chromatid pulled toward the centrosome
cell becomes elongated

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42
Q

what happens during telophase in mitosis

A

the reverse of the first 3 steps
chromosomes unravel
spindles dissolve
nuclear envelopes from around 2 seperate chromosomes
pinching occurs
Have Not fully seperated

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43
Q

which cells has cleavage furrow

A

animals

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44
Q

which cells have phase plate

A

plants

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45
Q

what happens during cytokinesis in mitosis

A

cut right down the cleavage furrow or phase plate
physically seperated at the cytoplasm

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46
Q

what are the phases of meiosis

A

interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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47
Q

how many rounds of division does meiosis goes through

A

2 rounds

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48
Q

which meiosis looks most similar to mitosis

A

meiosis 2

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49
Q

what is xx

A

female

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50
Q

what is xy

A

male

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51
Q

what happens during interphase 1 in meiosis

A

double chromsomes

52
Q

what happens in prophase 1 in meiosis

A

homologous chromosomes pair up and cross over segments

53
Q

what happens in metaphase 1 in meiosis

A

pairs of homologous chromosomes line up in independent assortment

54
Q

what happens during anaphase 1 in meiosis

A

pair of homologous chromosomes split up

55
Q

what happens during telophase 1 and cytokinesis in meiosis

A

2 haploid cells from and chromosomes are still doubled for next division

56
Q

what happens in meiosis 2

A

steps are same in meiosis 1 but you end up with 4 diverse haploid cells
and happens to sister chromatids not homologous pairs

57
Q

in which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur

A

prophase 1

58
Q

what is crossing over in meiosis

A

when homologous chromosomes exchange pieces of genetic info and forms new genetic combinations

59
Q

what do your cells do during cancer

A

when your cells undergo non stop mitosis or uncontrolled cell division

60
Q

what are some cancer treatment options

A

radiation therapy
chemotherapy
tumor removal

61
Q

what is a benign tumor

A

grows but doesn’t invade tissue

62
Q

what is a malignant tumor

A

grows and does invade tissue

63
Q

what are some sources of genetic mutations that can cause cancer

A

DNA copy error
genetic inheritance
viruses
environment

64
Q

BRACCA mutation is passe down how

A

genetically because its found in the germ cell level

65
Q

when do sister chromatids separate in meiosis

A

anaphase 2

66
Q

what is non dijunction

A

pair of homologous chromosomes fails to seperate or pair of sister chromatids fails to seperate

67
Q

what can non disjunction lead to

A

abnormal chromosomes

68
Q

what is trisomy 21

A

down syndrome caused by an extra chromsomes 21

69
Q

how did algae turn to present plants

A

gas exchange
support or vascular with stem and roots
ability to prevent dessication (dehydration)

70
Q

what is the evolution in order of algae to plants

A

algae
bryophytes
pteridophytes
gymnosperms
angiosperms

71
Q

what is a bryophyte

A

moss type plants
produces spores
breeds in water

72
Q

what is pterophytes

A

ferns
produces spores
breeds in water
has vascular

73
Q

what is gymnosperms

A

cone producers
breed on land
naked seeds

74
Q

what is angiosperms

A

flower and fruit producers
breed on land
covered seeds

75
Q

when do homologous chromosomes seperate in meiosis

A

anaphase 1

76
Q

what 3 things create genetic diverisity in humans

A

independent assortment
random fertlization
crossing over

77
Q

where is ATP made in a plant

A

chloroplasts and mitochondria

78
Q

where does photosynthesis occur in plants

A

chloroplasts

79
Q

which process fermentation or cellular respiration makes more ATP

A

cellular respiration

80
Q

what is the end product of cellular respiration

A

carbon dioxide and water
ATP

81
Q

what is the end product of photosynthesis

A

glucose and oxygen

82
Q

do plants have mitochondria

A

yes

83
Q

do animal cells have mitochondria

A

yes

84
Q

do prokaryotes have mitochondria

A

no

85
Q

what is the purpose of filament in a flower

A

to hold up the anther

86
Q

what is the purpose of anther in a flower

A

to make pollen

87
Q

what is the purpose of petals in a flower

A

to protect
provide color
attract pollinators

88
Q

what is the purpose of stigma in a flower

A

holds on to the pollen

89
Q

what is the purpose of style in a flower

A

connects the stigma and ovary
holds the stigma and concentrates the pollen to the ovary

90
Q

what is the purpose of ovary in a flower

A

protects and holds the ovule

91
Q

what is the purpose of ovules in a flower

A

eggs of the flower

92
Q

what is the purpose of sepal in a flower

A

provides structure to the petals before blooming

93
Q

what is the purpose of receptical in a flower

A

base of the flower
central location where everything converges
basin that supports the whole flower structure

94
Q

where is pollen found

A

in the anther

95
Q

what are the male organs of a flower

A

filament
anther

96
Q

what part of the flower is the fruit

A

the ovaries

97
Q

what plant groups produces pollen

A

angiosperms
gymnosperms

98
Q

cellular respiration occurs when there is

A

oxygen

99
Q

fermentation occurs when there is

A

no oxygen

100
Q

what is the equation for cellular respiration

A

C6H1206 + 602 = 6CO2 + 6H20 +ATP

101
Q

what is the written version equation for cellular respiration

A

glucose + 6oxygen = 6carbon dioxide + 6water + ATP

102
Q

what is the written version equation for fermentation

A

glucose + enzymes = carbon dioxide + ethanol or lactic acid

103
Q

what is the equation for fermentation

A

C6H1206 = 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH

104
Q

where does cellular respiration occur

A

in the cytoplasm and mitochondria

105
Q

where does photosynthesis occur

A

chloroplasts

106
Q

what are the steps of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis
citric acid cycle
electron transport chain

107
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

in the cytoplasm

108
Q

where does the citric acid cycle occure

A

in the mitochondria matrix

109
Q

where does the electron transport chain occur

A

in the mitochondria

110
Q

what is the steps of photosynthesis

A

light dependent reactions
Calvin cycle

111
Q

where does light dependent reactions occur

A

thylakoids

112
Q

where does the calvin cycle occur

A

stroma

113
Q

does glycolysis happen in fermentation

A

yes

114
Q

what is an autotroph

A

self feeders like plants

115
Q

what is a heterotroph

A

organisms that eat other organisms

116
Q

what is kinetic energy

A

objects in motion
energy in motion

117
Q

what is photon waves

A

move in the form of waves

118
Q

what is light energy

A

kinetic energy

119
Q

how does wavelength effect how strong or weak the wave is

A

short length = strong wave
long length = short wave

120
Q

what is potential energy

A

energy that is stored like chemical energy

121
Q

what is energy

A

ATP = the currency of our cells

122
Q

what is the 1st law of thermodynamics

A

conservation of energy

123
Q

what does conservation of energy law state

A

that energy can neither be created or destroyed

124
Q

what is the 2nd law of thermodynamics

A

the law of entropy

125
Q

what does the law of entropy state

A

states that energy conversion isn’t 100 effective
you lose some energy in the form of heat

126
Q

how does ATP turn to ADP to create energy

A

by cutting off 1 phosphate group

127
Q
A

Biol B1 Unit 1 (17 decks)

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