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Biol B1 Unit 1 > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

nucleotide =

A

phosphate + sugar + nitrogen base

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2
Q

what is the backbone made up of

A

phosphate group and 5 carbon sugar

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3
Q

DNA’s 5 carbon sugar is

A

deoxyribose

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4
Q

RNA’s 5 carbon sugar is

A

ribose

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5
Q

what is in the rungs of the double helix

A

nitrogen bases

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6
Q

what are the nitrogen bases in DNA

A

adenine (a)
thymine (t)
guanine (g)
cytosine (c)

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7
Q

what are the nitrogen bases in RNA

A

adenine (a)
uracil (u)
guanine (g)
cytosine (c)

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8
Q

what are the complementary base pairing for DNA

A

A = T
G = C

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9
Q

what are the complementary base pairing for RNA

A

A = U
G = C

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10
Q

how many hydrogen bonds does A = T base pairing have

A

2

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11
Q

how many hydrogen bonds does G = C base pairing have

A

3

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12
Q

what is transcription

A

DNA converting to RNA

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13
Q

what is translation

A

making of proteins using RNA

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14
Q

what is DNA or RNA made up of

A

nucleotides

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15
Q

DNA is double or single stranded

A

double stranded

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16
Q

RNA is double or single stranded

A

single stranded

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17
Q

what carries out translation

A

ribosomes

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18
Q

what is RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactions that synthesize RNA from DNA

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19
Q

who discovered DNA structure

A

rosalind franklin

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20
Q

what is semiconservative replication

A

enzymes unzip your DNA which seperated the 2 backbones
then copies the new strand (DNA polymerase) synthesizes both parent strands

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21
Q

what is a codon

A

sequence of 3 nucleotides in a DNA or RNA that codes for a specific amino acid

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22
Q

how many nucleotides are in a codon

A

3

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23
Q

what is electrophoresis

A

a lab technique used to seperate DNA , RNA, and protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge

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24
Q

when do we use electrophoresis

A

during finger profiling or DNA profiling

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25
Q

electrophoresis sperates DNA by

A

size and charge

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26
Q

what is a homozygous dominant
B

A

BB

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27
Q

what is a heterozygous
B

A

Bb

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28
Q

what is a homozygous recessive

A

bb

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29
Q

what is codominance

A

when 2 genes both present in phenotype
flowers 2 colors

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30
Q

what is incomplete dominance

A

when both genes combine to form present a new phenotype
red + white = pink

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31
Q

what is genotype

A

Bb - wording for genes

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32
Q

what is a phenotype

A

that actually physical trait that the genes express

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33
Q

the p generation is

A

the parental generation or the original generation

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34
Q

what is the f1 generation

A

the offspring of the p generation

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35
Q

what is the f2 generation

A

the offspring of the f1 generation

36
Q

what is evolution

A

change in allele frequency in a population over time

37
Q

what is natural selection?

A

Darwin coined it
survival of the fittest

38
Q

what did Darwin discover

A

theory of evolution

39
Q

are mutations random

A

yes

40
Q

mutation introduces new

A

alleles

41
Q

what is an advantageous mutation

A

a trait that increases an organisms fitness

42
Q

what is a deleterious mutation

A

a trait that decreases an organisms fitness

43
Q

what is a neutral mutation

A

a mutation that does not affect an organisms fitness

44
Q

what is a species

A

a group of organisms that produce fertile offspring

45
Q

what is a vestigial organ

A

organs that an organisms has but has no function
leftover structures from ancestors

46
Q

what does vestigial organs prove

A

evolution

47
Q

what is comparative anatomy

A

the comparison of body structure between different species

48
Q

what is comparative embryology

A

early stages of development in different organisms look similar

49
Q

what is biogeography

A

pangea
the study of the geographic distribution of species

50
Q

what is pangea

A

when all the continents were stuck together

51
Q

what is transitional fossils

A

imprints or remains of organisms that show evidence that things descended from other things

52
Q

what is speciation

A

when 1 species splits into 2 species

53
Q

what is allopatric speciaiton

A

when an actual physical barrier blocks species from procreating

54
Q

what is an example of allopatric speciaiton

A

geographical isolation

55
Q

what is sympatric speciation

A

when no barriers or mutations block species from procreating

56
Q

what are some examples of sympatric speciation

A

habitat/ ecological isolation
temporal isolation
gametic isolation
mechanical isolation

57
Q

how does evolution occur

A

gene flow
mutations
genetic drift
natural selection
sexual selection

58
Q

what is gene flow

A

transfer of genes material from one population to another
immigration and emigration

59
Q

what is genetic drift

A

change in the frequency of existing gene due to random chance

60
Q

what is sexual selection

A

genes to help with mating and procreation

61
Q

what is the bottleneck affect

A

genetic drift that happens when the size of a population is severely reduced

62
Q

what is the founders affect

A

reduction in gene variation that occurs when a small group becomes seperated from a larger population

63
Q

what are the 2 types of genetic drift

A

bottle neck affect
founders affect

64
Q

what are traits of r selected organisms

A

short life span
many offspring
little parental care
small size

65
Q

what are the traits of k selected organisms

A

long life span
few offspring
more parental care
large size

66
Q

what is carrying capacity

A

the max population an environment can support

67
Q

what is density dependent regulation

A

too many individuals = reduced reproduction or increased mortality

68
Q

why is there a decrease increased mortatlity from density dependent regulation

A

competition for resources

69
Q

what is density independent regulation

A

abiotic factors that increase mortality

70
Q

what are some examples of density independent regulation

A

tornados
tsunamis
flood
viruses
covid

71
Q

is an autotroph a producer or consumer

A

producer

72
Q

is a heterotroph a producer or consumer

A

consumer

73
Q

what are niches

A

specific habitat and role

74
Q

what is competitive exclusion

A

when one species uses resources more efficently and drives other species extinct

75
Q

what is resource partioning

A

when species alter their use of niche and divide resources

76
Q

what is a food chain

A

displays one path of consumption

77
Q

what is always at the bottom of the food chain

A

producers (that do photosynthesis)

78
Q

what is a food web

A

displays multiple food chains

79
Q

what is the water cycles natural reservior

A

the ocean

80
Q

what is the carbon cycles natural reservior

A

atmosphere / air

81
Q

what is the phosphate cycles natural reservior

A

rocks

82
Q

what is the nitrogen cycles natural reservior

A

atmosphere/ air

83
Q

why is biodiversity important (at least 5)

A

natural resources
ecosystem services
human health
biomimicry technology
recreation
entertainment
culture
art

84
Q

what threatens biodiversity?

A

Habitat destruction
invasive species
population
pollution
climate change
over exploitation

85
Q

what is the acronym to use to remember what threatens biodiversity

A

HIPPCO

Biol B1 Unit 1 (17 decks)

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