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Biol B1 Unit 1 > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is homeostasis

A

a self-regulating process that allows living things to maintain a stable internal environment while adjusting to external conditions

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2
Q

what happens if homeostasis in not maintained

A

death

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3
Q

what is homeostasis established with

A

feedback loops

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4
Q

what is a negative feed back loop

A

a normal biological response in which the effects of a reaction slow or stop that reaction

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5
Q

what is a positive feedback loop

A

your body tries to promote being out of homeostasis

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6
Q

what is the most common positive feedback loop

A

contractions

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7
Q

how is blood glucose level regulated

A

by pancreas producing hormones

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8
Q

what main hormone is released when you have high blood glucose

A

insulin is released by beta cells in the pancreas

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9
Q

what main hormone is released when you have low blood glucose

A

glucagon is released by alpha cells in the pancreas

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10
Q

what is an endotherm

A

an organism that can maintain a constant body temperature, even when the temperature of its environment changes

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11
Q

what is an ectotherm

A

an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat.

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12
Q

how would an endotherm respond if it gets to hot

A

sweat

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13
Q

how would an ectotherm respond if it gets to hot

A

move to a colder area

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14
Q

what does the kidney regulate

A

blood and water in your body

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15
Q

what portion of the brain works with kidneys to regulate water levels

A

hypothalamus

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16
Q

what is hypothermia

A

extremely cold

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17
Q

what is hyperthermia

A

heat stroke

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18
Q

what are the different stages of frostbite in order

A

frostnip
superficial frostbite
deep frostbite

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19
Q

what stage of frostbite are you in if you have white blisters

A

superficial frostbite

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20
Q

what stage of frostbite are you in if you have black fingers

A

deep frostbite

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21
Q

what system regulates homeostasis

A

endocrine system

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22
Q

what do artries look like

A

thick muscle

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23
Q

arteries carry blood

A

away from the heart

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24
Q

what do veins look like

A

valves

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25
Q

veins carry blood

A

to the heart

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26
Q

capillaries are what size

A

1 cell thick

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27
Q

capillaries exchange

A

nutrients

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28
Q

carbon dioxide and waste is released from tissue/ cells to

A

capillaries for removal

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29
Q

what is delivered to tissues after capillaries remove carbon dioxide and waste

A

fresh oxygen
glucose
salts

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30
Q

how many chambers does the human heart have

A

4

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31
Q

what is the blood flow cycle in order

A

lungs to
left atrium to
left ventricle to
body to
right atrium to
right ventricle to
lungs

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32
Q

when heart muscle relaxes

A

blood is filling the atriums

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33
Q

when heart muscle constricts

A

blood is being pushed into the ventricles

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34
Q

what side of the heart does oxygenated blood flow

A

left

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35
Q

what side of the heart does deoxygenated blood flow

A

right

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36
Q

the 2nd heart beat is when valves

A

close and stops blood from flowing backwards

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37
Q

what is the purpose of a natural pacemaker

A

generates electrical impulses that spread through atria and reach the ventricles

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38
Q

what is an arrhythmia

A

when heart beats too fast or too slow or irregular

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39
Q

what is the solution to an arrhythmia

A

artificial pacemaker

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40
Q

what is fibrilation

A

flatlining
heart flops like dead fish

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41
Q

human circulatory systems are open or closed

A

closed system

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42
Q

what is the purpose of the circulatory system

A

to supply oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the body’s organs, muscles, and tissues, while also removing waste products

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43
Q

what is carried in our blood

A

oxygen
red blood cells
plasma
carbon dioxide
hormones
platelets
waste
white blood cells

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44
Q

plasma is known as

A

anti bodies and protein

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45
Q

platelets are known for

A

clotting

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46
Q

white blood cells are know for

A

immune cells

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47
Q

what are the different types of white blood cells

A

b cells
t cells
macrophages

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48
Q

what do b cells recognize and kill

A

extracellular pathogens

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49
Q

b cells make

A

antibodies

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50
Q

b cells produce and mature in

A

bone marrow

51
Q

pathogens have antigens on them that is recognized by

A

antibodies

52
Q

memory b cells fight

A

pathogens faster because they remember them from previous encounter

53
Q

t cells recognizes

A

intracellular pathogens and kills them

54
Q

helper t cells direct

A

other t cells and b cells and activates killer t cells

55
Q

killer t cells stab

A

pathogens to death

56
Q

suppressor t cells shut down

A

immune system once pathogen is killed

57
Q

macrophages takes

A

a piece of the antigen and presents it

58
Q

what is normal blood pressure

A

120/80

59
Q

what happens if you blood pressure is low

A

fainting
dizzyness
blurred visions

60
Q

what are the different stages of hypertension called

A

elevated : 120-129/ less than 80

61
Q

what is the purpose of red blood cells

A

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body

62
Q

what is the purpose of platelets

A

clotting

63
Q

what is the purpose of white blood cells

A

key part of the body’s immune system

64
Q

what are the parts of the digestive system in order

A

oral cavity
epiglottis
esopahgus
stomach
small intestines
large intestines
anus

65
Q

the oral cavity does what part of digestions

A

ingestion
digestion

66
Q

what is the epligottis

A

prevents food and drink from entering the trachea

67
Q

the stomach does what part in the digestion process

A

digestion

68
Q

the small intestine does what part in the digestion process

A

digestion
absorbtion

69
Q

the large intestine does what part in the digestion process

A

absorption

70
Q

the anus does what part in the digestion process

A

elimation

71
Q

what is the esophagus

A

tube that moves food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach

72
Q

what is the purpose of the villi

A

increase the surface area for absorbing nutrients from digested food

73
Q

where is your villi located

A

small intestines

74
Q

which node increases for absorption

A

SA node

75
Q

what is lining the intestines

A

blood vessels

76
Q

what are some diseases that affect the circulatory system

A

arrythmia
stroke
high blood pressure

77
Q

what are some diseases that affect the digestive system

A

Celiac disease
gallstones
hepatitis b

78
Q

what does absorption mean

A

the process of moving nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream so the body can use them

79
Q

plant eaters have more longer

A

digestive tracts than carnivores

80
Q

why do plants have longer digestive tracts than carnivores

A

because cellulose from plants is tough to digest

81
Q

what is peristalsis

A

contractions that move food and fluids through the digestive tract and other hollow tubes in the body

82
Q

what is a suspension feeder

A

organisms that open mouth and move to eat prey

83
Q

what is an example of a suspension feeder

A

whales

84
Q

what is a fluid feeder

A

organisms that drink their food

85
Q

what is an example of a fluid feeder

A

hummingbirds
bee

86
Q

what are bulk feeders

A

organisms that eat their food whole

87
Q

what are some examples of bulk feeders

A

humans
snakes
lions

88
Q

what is the most common type of feeder

A

bulk feeders

89
Q

what blood type is the universal donor

A

o-

90
Q

what blood type is the universal recipient

A

ab+

91
Q

diabetes type 1 is known as

A

juvenile diabetes

92
Q

you get type 1 diabetes from

A

birth

93
Q

you get type 2 diabetes from

A

your poor unhealthy choices

94
Q

what type of diabetes is more common and what percentage

A

diabetes 2
95%

95
Q

what are prions

A

abnormally folded proteins that can cause other proteins in the brain to fold abnormally as well

96
Q

what cell activates a t cell

A

macrophages

97
Q

what is the R0 or R naught

A

indicates how contagious a disease is

98
Q

what is the equation for R0

A

R0= days contagious x susceptible people contacted x chance of passing on infection

99
Q

what is CRF

A

case fatality rate

100
Q

the higher the CRF rate =

A

the more dangerous the pathogen is

101
Q

what is the equation for CRF

A

CRF= number of who died/ number of who get infected x 100

102
Q

the higher the R0 the more

A

dangerous the pathogen is

103
Q

the purpose of the innate response

A

first line of defense to protect from pathogens

104
Q

the innate response is not

A

targeted

105
Q

what are some examples of the innate response

A

skin
mucus
mucuslatory excalator

106
Q

are you born with your innate responses

A

yes

107
Q

is the adaptive response targeted or non targeted

A

targeted

108
Q

the adaptive response has a delay up to

A

10 days

109
Q

are you born with your adaptive response

A

no, you build it

110
Q

the lymphatic system is what type of response

A

innate

111
Q

natural killer cells is what type of response

A

innate

112
Q

a fever is what type of response

A

innate

113
Q

killer t cells are what type of response

A

adaptive

114
Q

helper t cells are what type of response

A

adaptive

115
Q

memory b cells are what type of response

A

adaptive

116
Q

who discovered vaccination

A

Edward jenner

117
Q

how did Edward jenner discover vaccination

A

by injecting his own son with cow pox to give him immunity from small pox

118
Q

is a virus living

A

no

119
Q

what is cytotoxic t cells

A

a type of white blood cell and lymphocyte that are part of the immune system and can destroy certain cells: cancer cells, foreign cells, cells infected with viruses, and damaged cells

120
Q

what is cillia

A

are tiny hair-like structures on the surface of cells that move in a wave-like motion to perform a variety of functions

121
Q

where is cilia found

A

lungs

122
Q

what is the structure of a virus

A

is made up of a genome, a capsid, and sometimes an envelope:

123
Q

can a virus have both DNA and RNA

A

no
must have one or the other

124
Q
A

Biol B1 Unit 1 (17 decks)

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