exam 4 Flashcards
1
Q
what is homeostasis
A
a self-regulating process that allows living things to maintain a stable internal environment while adjusting to external conditions
2
Q
what happens if homeostasis in not maintained
A
death
3
Q
what is homeostasis established with
A
feedback loops
4
Q
what is a negative feed back loop
A
a normal biological response in which the effects of a reaction slow or stop that reaction
5
Q
what is a positive feedback loop
A
your body tries to promote being out of homeostasis
6
Q
what is the most common positive feedback loop
A
contractions
7
Q
how is blood glucose level regulated
A
by pancreas producing hormones
8
Q
what main hormone is released when you have high blood glucose
A
insulin is released by beta cells in the pancreas
9
Q
what main hormone is released when you have low blood glucose
A
glucagon is released by alpha cells in the pancreas
10
Q
what is an endotherm
A
an organism that can maintain a constant body temperature, even when the temperature of its environment changes
11
Q
what is an ectotherm
A
an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat.
12
Q
how would an endotherm respond if it gets to hot
A
sweat
13
Q
how would an ectotherm respond if it gets to hot
A
move to a colder area
14
Q
what does the kidney regulate
A
blood and water in your body
15
Q
what portion of the brain works with kidneys to regulate water levels
A
hypothalamus
16
Q
what is hypothermia
A
extremely cold
17
Q
what is hyperthermia
A
heat stroke
18
Q
what are the different stages of frostbite in order
A
frostnip
superficial frostbite
deep frostbite
19
Q
what stage of frostbite are you in if you have white blisters
A
superficial frostbite
20
Q
what stage of frostbite are you in if you have black fingers
A
deep frostbite
21
Q
what system regulates homeostasis
A
endocrine system
22
Q
what do artries look like
A
thick muscle
23
Q
arteries carry blood
A
away from the heart
24
Q
what do veins look like
A
valves
25
veins carry blood
to the heart
26
capillaries are what size
1 cell thick
27
capillaries exchange
nutrients
28
carbon dioxide and waste is released from tissue/ cells to
capillaries for removal
29
what is delivered to tissues after capillaries remove carbon dioxide and waste
fresh oxygen
glucose
salts
30
how many chambers does the human heart have
4
31
what is the blood flow cycle in order
lungs to
left atrium to
left ventricle to
body to
right atrium to
right ventricle to
lungs
32
when heart muscle relaxes
blood is filling the atriums
33
when heart muscle constricts
blood is being pushed into the ventricles
34
what side of the heart does oxygenated blood flow
left
35
what side of the heart does deoxygenated blood flow
right
36
the 2nd heart beat is when valves
close and stops blood from flowing backwards
37
what is the purpose of a natural pacemaker
generates electrical impulses that spread through atria and reach the ventricles
38
what is an arrhythmia
when heart beats too fast or too slow or irregular
39
what is the solution to an arrhythmia
artificial pacemaker
40
what is fibrilation
flatlining
heart flops like dead fish
41
human circulatory systems are open or closed
closed system
42
what is the purpose of the circulatory system
to supply oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to the body's organs, muscles, and tissues, while also removing waste products
43
what is carried in our blood
oxygen
red blood cells
plasma
carbon dioxide
hormones
platelets
waste
white blood cells
44
plasma is known as
anti bodies and protein
45
platelets are known for
clotting
46
white blood cells are know for
immune cells
47
what are the different types of white blood cells
b cells
t cells
macrophages
48
what do b cells recognize and kill
extracellular pathogens
49
b cells make
antibodies
50
b cells produce and mature in
bone marrow
51
pathogens have antigens on them that is recognized by
antibodies
52
memory b cells fight
pathogens faster because they remember them from previous encounter
53
t cells recognizes
intracellular pathogens and kills them
54
helper t cells direct
other t cells and b cells and activates killer t cells
55
killer t cells stab
pathogens to death
56
suppressor t cells shut down
immune system once pathogen is killed
57
macrophages takes
a piece of the antigen and presents it
58
what is normal blood pressure
120/80
59
what happens if you blood pressure is low
fainting
dizzyness
blurred visions
60
what are the different stages of hypertension called
elevated : 120-129/ less than 80
61
what is the purpose of red blood cells
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body
62
what is the purpose of platelets
clotting
63
what is the purpose of white blood cells
key part of the body's immune system
64
what are the parts of the digestive system in order
oral cavity
epiglottis
esopahgus
stomach
small intestines
large intestines
anus
65
the oral cavity does what part of digestions
ingestion
digestion
66
what is the epligottis
prevents food and drink from entering the trachea
67
the stomach does what part in the digestion process
digestion
68
the small intestine does what part in the digestion process
digestion
absorbtion
69
the large intestine does what part in the digestion process
absorption
70
the anus does what part in the digestion process
elimation
71
what is the esophagus
tube that moves food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach
72
what is the purpose of the villi
increase the surface area for absorbing nutrients from digested food
73
where is your villi located
small intestines
74
which node increases for absorption
SA node
75
what is lining the intestines
blood vessels
76
what are some diseases that affect the circulatory system
arrythmia
stroke
high blood pressure
77
what are some diseases that affect the digestive system
Celiac disease
gallstones
hepatitis b
78
what does absorption mean
the process of moving nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream so the body can use them
79
plant eaters have more longer
digestive tracts than carnivores
80
why do plants have longer digestive tracts than carnivores
because cellulose from plants is tough to digest
81
what is peristalsis
contractions that move food and fluids through the digestive tract and other hollow tubes in the body
82
what is a suspension feeder
organisms that open mouth and move to eat prey
83
what is an example of a suspension feeder
whales
84
what is a fluid feeder
organisms that drink their food
85
what is an example of a fluid feeder
hummingbirds
bee
86
what are bulk feeders
organisms that eat their food whole
87
what are some examples of bulk feeders
humans
snakes
lions
88
what is the most common type of feeder
bulk feeders
89
what blood type is the universal donor
o-
90
what blood type is the universal recipient
ab+
91
diabetes type 1 is known as
juvenile diabetes
92
you get type 1 diabetes from
birth
93
you get type 2 diabetes from
your poor unhealthy choices
94
what type of diabetes is more common and what percentage
diabetes 2
95%
95
what are prions
abnormally folded proteins that can cause other proteins in the brain to fold abnormally as well
96
what cell activates a t cell
macrophages
97
what is the R0 or R naught
indicates how contagious a disease is
98
what is the equation for R0
R0= days contagious x susceptible people contacted x chance of passing on infection
99
what is CRF
case fatality rate
100
the higher the CRF rate =
the more dangerous the pathogen is
101
what is the equation for CRF
CRF= number of who died/ number of who get infected x 100
102
the higher the R0 the more
dangerous the pathogen is
103
the purpose of the innate response
first line of defense to protect from pathogens
104
the innate response is not
targeted
105
what are some examples of the innate response
skin
mucus
mucuslatory excalator
106
are you born with your innate responses
yes
107
is the adaptive response targeted or non targeted
targeted
108
the adaptive response has a delay up to
10 days
109
are you born with your adaptive response
no, you build it
110
the lymphatic system is what type of response
innate
111
natural killer cells is what type of response
innate
112
a fever is what type of response
innate
113
killer t cells are what type of response
adaptive
114
helper t cells are what type of response
adaptive
115
memory b cells are what type of response
adaptive
116
who discovered vaccination
Edward jenner
117
how did Edward jenner discover vaccination
by injecting his own son with cow pox to give him immunity from small pox
118
is a virus living
no
119
what is cytotoxic t cells
a type of white blood cell and lymphocyte that are part of the immune system and can destroy certain cells: cancer cells, foreign cells, cells infected with viruses, and damaged cells
120
what is cillia
are tiny hair-like structures on the surface of cells that move in a wave-like motion to perform a variety of functions
121
where is cilia found
lungs
122
what is the structure of a virus
is made up of a genome, a capsid, and sometimes an envelope:
123
can a virus have both DNA and RNA
no
must have one or the other
124
