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Biol B1 Unit 1 > DNA, RNA, and Protein > Flashcards

DNA, RNA, and Protein Flashcards

1
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

what is DNA involved in

A

protein production

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3
Q

transcription makes

A

RNA

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4
Q

translation makes

A

protein

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5
Q

double helix is composed of

A

a backbone and rungs

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6
Q

the backbone of the double helix (DNA) is made up of

A

a phosphate group and 5 carbon sugar = deoxyribose sugar

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7
Q

the rungs of the double helix (DNA) is like the

A

steps of a ladder

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8
Q

the nitrogen bases are what make the

A

rungs of DNA

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9
Q

what are the 4 nitrogen bases

A

adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)

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10
Q

what are the complementary base pairs

A

A = T
T = A
G = C
C = G

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11
Q

what many bonds does the complementary pair of A = T has

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

how many bonds does the complementary pair of G = C have

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

what does a nucleotide =

A

phosphate + sugar + nitrogen base

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14
Q

DNA replication trys to make

A

an exact copy

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15
Q

what are the 2 steps of semiconservative replication

A

bunch of enzymes unzip your DNA which seperates the 2 backbones
“copies” the new strand and synthesizes both parent strands (DNA polymerase)

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16
Q

what is important to remember about DNA replication

A

not 100 perfect

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17
Q

how many base pairs does human have in their DNA

A

3 billion paired nucleotide

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18
Q

what is a mutation

A

permanent change in your DNA sequence

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19
Q

what happens if a mutation happens in your gametes

A

has potential to be passed to your offspring

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20
Q

what is a DNA application

A

each individual has a unique sequence of DNA base pairs

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21
Q

in single nucleotides changes some areas are

A

conserved while others vary

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22
Q

what is DNA profiling

A

creating a DNA profile of an individual for comparison

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23
Q

when is DNA profiling used

A

in paternity tests and forensic investigations

24
Q

what are the steps of DNA profiling

A

collect DNA sample cells
extract DNA from cells
identify unique DNA characteristics

25
Q

what is restriction fragment length polymorphism

A

enzymes cut DNA at certain sequences and creates smaller segments of different size

26
Q

in restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) DNA fragments are visualized

A

in gel electrophoresis then x-ray

27
Q

what happens when detecting targeted DNA sequences

A

monitor species presence
detect pathogens, genetic disorders

28
Q

what happens in transcription

A

DNA copied in the form of RNA

29
Q

what happens in translation

A

RNA is used to make proteins

30
Q

RNA structure is a

A

single strand that is composed of a backbone and rungs

31
Q

RNA backbone has

A

5 carbon sugar = ribose sugar
phosphate

32
Q

RNA rungs has

A

nitrogen bases

33
Q

what are the nitrogen bases of RNA

A

adenine (A)
Uracil (U)
Guanine (G)
CYtosine (C)

34
Q

what are the complementary base pairings of RNA

A

A = U
U = A
G = C
C = G

35
Q

what is mRNA

A

ribonucleic acid

36
Q

what carries out translation

A

ribosomes

37
Q

proteins are

A

amino acids or polypeptides

38
Q

in prokaryotes RNA is fed to

A

ribosome

39
Q

in prokaryotes mRNA is

A

never created

40
Q

does mRNA have editing

A

no

41
Q

mRNA stands for

A

messenger RNA

42
Q

exons is code for

A

amino acids

43
Q

in Eukaryotes editing occured and removes

A

introns

44
Q

introns is code for

A

regulation

45
Q

what does tRNA do

A

shuttles amino acids to the ribosome

46
Q

each tRNA picks up a specific

A

amino acid

47
Q

at the RNA level 3 nitrogen bases =

A

1 codon = 1 amino acids

48
Q

what is selective breeding

A

humans selecting for specific traits

49
Q

what is GMO

A

genetically modified organisms

50
Q

what is mutation breeding

A

exposing organisms to radiation or chemical which causes mutations to be able to select favorable mutants

51
Q

what is genetic engineering

A

introducing a gene to an organism

52
Q

what is the GMO process

A

select target gene
extract gene by enzymes cutting out target gene and electrophoresis isolates gene
get gene into new organism (CRISPR)

53
Q

who did the x ray imaging that lead to the knowledge of the double helix

A

Rosalind franklin

54
Q

who proved the double helix structure

A

Watson and crick

55
Q

what are the 3 steps of transcription

A

DNA copied to RNA
RNA modified to mRNA
travels out of nucleus

56
Q
A

Biol B1 Unit 1 (17 decks)

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