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Biol B1 Unit 1 > DNA, RNA, and Protein > Flashcards

DNA, RNA, and Protein Flashcards

1
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

what is DNA involved in

A

protein production

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3
Q

transcription makes

A

RNA

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4
Q

translation makes

A

protein

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5
Q

double helix is composed of

A

a backbone and rungs

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6
Q

the backbone of the double helix (DNA) is made up of

A

a phosphate group and 5 carbon sugar = deoxyribose sugar

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7
Q

the rungs of the double helix (DNA) is like the

A

steps of a ladder

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8
Q

the nitrogen bases are what make the

A

rungs of DNA

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9
Q

what are the 4 nitrogen bases

A

adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)

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10
Q

what are the complementary base pairs

A

A = T
T = A
G = C
C = G

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11
Q

what many bonds does the complementary pair of A = T has

A

2 hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

how many bonds does the complementary pair of G = C have

A

3 hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

what does a nucleotide =

A

phosphate + sugar + nitrogen base

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14
Q

DNA replication trys to make

A

an exact copy

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15
Q

what are the 2 steps of semiconservative replication

A

bunch of enzymes unzip your DNA which seperates the 2 backbones
“copies” the new strand and synthesizes both parent strands (DNA polymerase)

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16
Q

what is important to remember about DNA replication

A

not 100 perfect

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17
Q

how many base pairs does human have in their DNA

A

3 billion paired nucleotide

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18
Q

what is a mutation

A

permanent change in your DNA sequence

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19
Q

what happens if a mutation happens in your gametes

A

has potential to be passed to your offspring

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20
Q

what is a DNA application

A

each individual has a unique sequence of DNA base pairs

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21
Q

in single nucleotides changes some areas are

A

conserved while others vary

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22
Q

what is DNA profiling

A

creating a DNA profile of an individual for comparison

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23
Q

when is DNA profiling used

A

in paternity tests and forensic investigations

24
Q

what are the steps of DNA profiling

A

collect DNA sample cells
extract DNA from cells
identify unique DNA characteristics

25
what is restriction fragment length polymorphism
enzymes cut DNA at certain sequences and creates smaller segments of different size
26
in restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) DNA fragments are visualized
in gel electrophoresis then x-ray
27
what happens when detecting targeted DNA sequences
monitor species presence detect pathogens, genetic disorders
28
what happens in transcription
DNA copied in the form of RNA
29
what happens in translation
RNA is used to make proteins
30
RNA structure is a
single strand that is composed of a backbone and rungs
31
RNA backbone has
5 carbon sugar = ribose sugar phosphate
32
RNA rungs has
nitrogen bases
33
what are the nitrogen bases of RNA
adenine (A) Uracil (U) Guanine (G) CYtosine (C)
34
what are the complementary base pairings of RNA
A = U U = A G = C C = G
35
what is mRNA
ribonucleic acid
36
what carries out translation
ribosomes
37
proteins are
amino acids or polypeptides
38
in prokaryotes RNA is fed to
ribosome
39
in prokaryotes mRNA is
never created
40
does mRNA have editing
no
41
mRNA stands for
messenger RNA
42
exons is code for
amino acids
43
in Eukaryotes editing occured and removes
introns
44
introns is code for
regulation
45
what does tRNA do
shuttles amino acids to the ribosome
46
each tRNA picks up a specific
amino acid
47
at the RNA level 3 nitrogen bases =
1 codon = 1 amino acids
48
what is selective breeding
humans selecting for specific traits
49
what is GMO
genetically modified organisms
50
what is mutation breeding
exposing organisms to radiation or chemical which causes mutations to be able to select favorable mutants
51
what is genetic engineering
introducing a gene to an organism
52
what is the GMO process
select target gene extract gene by enzymes cutting out target gene and electrophoresis isolates gene get gene into new organism (CRISPR)
53
who did the x ray imaging that lead to the knowledge of the double helix
Rosalind franklin
54
who proved the double helix structure
Watson and crick
55
what are the 3 steps of transcription
DNA copied to RNA RNA modified to mRNA travels out of nucleus
56

Biol B1 Unit 1 (17 decks)

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