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AP Psych > Unit 0 > Flashcards

Unit 0 Flashcards

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1
Q

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen in

A

hindsight bias

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1
Q

thinking that does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions. It examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

A

critical thinking

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2
Q

3 key elements of the scientific attitude

A

Curious, skeptical, humble

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3
Q

scientific experts who evaluate a research article’s theory, originality, and accuracy

A

peer reviewers

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4
Q

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

A

theory

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5
Q

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

A

hypothesis

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6
Q

the possibility that an idea, hypothesis, or theory can be disproven by observation or experiment

A

falsifiable

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7
Q

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

A

operational definition

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8
Q

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced

A

replication

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9
Q

a non-experimental technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

A

case study

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10
Q

a non-experimental technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

A

naturalistic observation

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11
Q

a non-experimental technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually be questioning a representative, random sample of the group

A

survey

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12
Q

bias from peoples responding in ways they presume a researcher expects or wishes

A

social desirability bias

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13
Q

bias when people report their behavior inaccurately

A

self-report bias

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14
Q

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

A

sampling bias

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15
Q

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

A

random sample

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16
Q

all those in a group being studied, from which a random sample may be drawn

A

population

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17
Q

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

A

correlation

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18
Q

a statistical index of the relationship between two variables

A

correlational coefficient

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19
Q

anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure

A

variable

20
Q

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.

A

scatterplot

21
Q

perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship

A

illusory correlation

22
Q

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back toward the average

A

regression toward the mean

23
Q

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

A

experiment

24
Q

in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment - that is, to one version of the independent variable

A

experimental group

25
Q

in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment, serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

A

control group

26
Q

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups

A

random assignment

27
Q

an experimental procedure in which the research participants are ignorant (blind) about whether they have received the treatment or placebo

A

single-blind procedure

28
Q

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo

A

double-blind procedure

29
Q

experimental results caused by expectations alone, any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an insert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

A

placebo effect

30
Q

in an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

A

independent variable

31
Q

in an experiment, a factor other than the factor being studied that might affect a study’s results

A

confounding variable

32
Q

bias caused when researchers may unintentionally influence results to confirm their own beliefs

A

experimenter bias

33
Q

in an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated

A

dependent variable

34
Q

the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

A

validity

35
Q

a research method that relies on quantifiable, numerical data

A

quantitative research

36
Q

a research method that relies on in-depth, narrative data that are not translated into numbers

A

qualitative research

37
Q

giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

A

informed consent

38
Q

the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any descriptions, to its participants

A

debriefing

39
Q

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups; include measures of central tendency and measures of variation

A

descriptive statistics

40
Q

a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

A

histogram

41
Q

the percentage of scores that are lower than a given score

A

percentile rank

42
Q

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

A

skewed distribution

43
Q

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

A

standard deviation

44
Q

numerical data that allows one to generalize – to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

A

inferential statistics

45
Q

a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion

A

meta-analysis

46
Q

a statistical statement of how likely it is that a result occurred by chance, assuming there is no difference between the populations being studied

A

statistical sigificance

47
Q

the strength of the relationship between two variables

A

effect size

AP Psych (9 decks)

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