Unit 0 Flashcards
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen in
hindsight bias
thinking that does not automatically accept arguments and conclusions. It examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
critical thinking
3 key elements of the scientific attitude
Curious, skeptical, humble
scientific experts who evaluate a research article’s theory, originality, and accuracy
peer reviewers
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events
theory
a testable prediction, often implied by a theory
hypothesis
the possibility that an idea, hypothesis, or theory can be disproven by observation or experiment
falsifiable
a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study
operational definition
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced
replication
a non-experimental technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
case study
a non-experimental technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
naturalistic observation
a non-experimental technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually be questioning a representative, random sample of the group
survey
bias from peoples responding in ways they presume a researcher expects or wishes
social desirability bias
bias when people report their behavior inaccurately
self-report bias
a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample
sampling bias
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
random sample
all those in a group being studied, from which a random sample may be drawn
population
a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
correlation
a statistical index of the relationship between two variables
correlational coefficient
anything that can vary and is feasible and ethical to measure
variable
a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.
scatterplot
perceiving a relationship where none exists, or perceiving a stronger-than-actual relationship
illusory correlation
the tendency for extreme or unusual scores or events to fall back toward the average
regression toward the mean
a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process
experiment
in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment - that is, to one version of the independent variable
experimental group
in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment, serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
control group
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups
random assignment
an experimental procedure in which the research participants are ignorant (blind) about whether they have received the treatment or placebo
single-blind procedure
an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo
double-blind procedure
experimental results caused by expectations alone, any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an insert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent
placebo effect
in an experiment, the factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
independent variable
in an experiment, a factor other than the factor being studied that might affect a study’s results
confounding variable
bias caused when researchers may unintentionally influence results to confirm their own beliefs
experimenter bias
in an experiment, the outcome that is measured; the variable that may change when the independent variable is manipulated
dependent variable
the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to
validity
a research method that relies on quantifiable, numerical data
quantitative research
a research method that relies on in-depth, narrative data that are not translated into numbers
qualitative research
giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
informed consent
the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any descriptions, to its participants
debriefing
numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups; include measures of central tendency and measures of variation
descriptive statistics
a bar graph depicting a frequency distribution
histogram
the percentage of scores that are lower than a given score
percentile rank
a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value
skewed distribution
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
standard deviation
numerical data that allows one to generalize – to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population
inferential statistics
a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion
meta-analysis
a statistical statement of how likely it is that a result occurred by chance, assuming there is no difference between the populations being studied
statistical sigificance
the strength of the relationship between two variables
effect size
