5.5A-D Flashcards
the process, begun in the late twentieth century, of moving people with psychological disorders out of institutional facilities
deinstitutionalization
treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth
psychotherapy
prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person’s physiology
biomedical therapy
an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy
eclectic approach
Freud’s therapeutic technique. He believed the patient’s free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the analyst’s interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight
psychoanalysis
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material
resistance
in psychoanalysis, the analyst’s nothing of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in an effort to promote insight
interpretation
in psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
transference
therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight
psychodynamic therapy
therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses
insight therapies
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within an accepting, genuine, empathetic environment to facilitate clients’ growth
person-centered therapy
empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and seeks clarification. A feature of Rogers’ person-centered therapy
active listening
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
unconditional positive regard
therapy that uses learning principles to reduce unwanted behaviors
behavior therapy
behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
counterconditioning
behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid
exposure therapies
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat specific phobias
systematic desensitization
a counterconditioning technique that treats anxiety through creative electronic simulations in which people can safely face specific fears, such as flying, spiders, or public speaking
virtual reality exposure therapy
associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
aversive conditioning
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange tokens for privileges or treats
token economy
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions
cognitive therapy
a confrontational cognitive therapy that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction
group therapy
therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members
family therapy
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
confirmation bias
a statistical procedure for analyzing the results of multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion
meta-analysis
clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and client characteristics and preferences
evidence-based practice
a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client’s problem
therapeutic alliance
the study of effects of drugs on mind and behavior
psychopharmacology
drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorders
antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to control anxiety and agitation
antianxiety drugs
drugs used to treat depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsivs and related disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder
antidepressant drugs
a biomedical therapy for severe depression in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized person
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue to change behavior
psychosurgery
a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion controlling centers of the inner brain
lobotomy
a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur; in a therapeutic context, the hypnotist attempts to use suggestion to reduce unpleasant physical sensations or emotions
hypnosis
a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others
dissociation
a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors
posthypnotic suggestion
positive psychological changes following a struggle with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
posttraumatic growth
