4.4-4.7c Flashcards
Theories that view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
humanistic theories
Maslow’s levels of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs
hierarchy of needs
one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential
self-actualization
according to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self
self-transcendence
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help people develop self-awareness and self-acceptance
unconditional positive regard
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”
self-concept
a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act in certain ways, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
trait
a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
personality inventory
the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
a test created by selecting from a pool of items those that discriminate between 2 groups
empirically derived test
The Big Five factors that describe personality
Openness, conscientiousness m extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
a view of behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and their social context
social-cognitive perspective
focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development
behavioral approach
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
reciprocal determinism
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Personality
A method of exploring the unconscious where the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind
Free Association
The pleasure principle, unconscious, immediate gratification
Id
The reality principle, partly conscious
Ego
The morality principle, partly conscious, internalized ideas
Superego
Tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety, distorting reality
defense mechanisms
Unconscious blocking of unpleasant emotions, impulses, memories, and thoughts from your conscious mind (a defense mechanism)
Repression
An individual copes with stressful relationships by retreating to an earlier developmental stage (a defense mechanism)
Regression
An individual recognizes their unacceptable traits in someone else to avoid recognizing those traits in themselves (a defense mechanism)
Projection
A person unconsciously replaces an unwanted impulse with its opposite (a defense mechanism)
Reaction Formation
Involves channeling unwanted or unacceptable urges into an admissable or productive outlet (a defense mechanism)
Sublimation
Justifying behaviors, thoughts, or feelings, by using logical explanations (a defense mechanism)
Rationalization
A refusal to accept reality (a defense mechanism)
Denial
A person redirects a negative emotion from its original source to a less threatening recipient (a defense mechanism)
Displacement
A personality test which goal is to trigger projecting your inner dynamics (unconscious)
Projective tests
People express their inner feelings and emotions in this projective test through the stories that make up about ambiguous scenes
Thematic Apperception Tests
A projective test, Seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing how they interpret inkblots
Rorschach Inkblots
the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
Self/self-concept
Our feelings of high or low self-worth
Self-esteem
Our sense of competence and effectiveness
Self-efficacy
A readiness to perceive ourselves favorably
Self-serving bias
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
motivation
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
instinct
a basic bodily requirement
physiological need
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
drive-reduction theory
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
homeostasis
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
incentive
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
Yerkes-Dodson law
the point at which the “weight thermostat” may be set. When the body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight
set point
the body’s resting rate of energy output
basal metabolic rate
a response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience resulting from one’s interpretations.
emotion
a machine used in attempts to detect lies; measures emotion-linked changes in perspiration, heart rate, and breathing
polygraph
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
facial feedback effect
the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions
behavior feedback effect
