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AP Psych > 3.1-3.4 > Flashcards

3.1-3.4 Flashcards

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1
Q

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development throughout the lifespan

A

developmental psychology

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2
Q

research that compares people of different ages at the same period in time

A

cross-sectional study

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3
Q

research that follows and retests the same people over time

A

longitudinal study

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4
Q

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

A

teratogens

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5
Q

physical and cognitive function deficits in children caused by their birth mother’s heavy drinking during pregnancy. In severe cases, symptoms include a small, out-of-proportion head and distinct facial features

A

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

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6
Q

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

A

habituation

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7
Q

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

A

maturation

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8
Q

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

A

critical period

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9
Q

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

A

adolescence

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10
Q

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

A

puberty

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11
Q

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

A

menopause

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12
Q

the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male, female, and intersex.

A

sex

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13
Q

the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex

A

gender

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14
Q

possessing male and female biological sexual characteristics at birth

A

intersex

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15
Q

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

A

aggression

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16
Q

an act of aggression intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

A

relational aggression

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17
Q

the sex chromosome found in females and males. Females have 2, males have one.

A

X Chromosome

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18
Q

The sex chromosome typically found only in males

A

Y chromosome

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19
Q

the most important male sex hormone. Stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty

A

testosterone

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20
Q

sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts in females than by males.

A

estrogens

21
Q

the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

A

primary sex characteristics

22
Q

non reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

A

secondary sex characteristics

23
Q

the first ejaculation

A

spermarche

24
Q

the first menstral period

A

menarche

25
Q

a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

A

role

26
Q

a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and women

A

gender role

27
Q

any physical or verbal behavior of a sexual nature that is unwanted or intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

A

sexual aggression

28
Q

our personal sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male and female, regardless of whether this identity matches our sex assigned at birth, and the social affiliation that may result from this identity

A

gender identity

29
Q

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

A

social learning theory

30
Q

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

A

gender typing

31
Q

blending traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine psychological characteristics

A

androgyny

32
Q

our thoughts, feelings, and actions related to our physical attraction to another

A

sexuality

33
Q

having no sexual attraction toward others

A

asexual

34
Q

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

A

social script

35
Q

a person’s sexual and emotional attraction to another person and the behavior and/or social affiliation that may result from this attraction

A

sexual orientation

36
Q

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication

A

cognition

37
Q

a concept of framework that organizes and interprets information

A

schema

38
Q

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

A

assimilation

39
Q

adapting our current schemas to incorporate new information

A

accomodation

40
Q

the stage (birth to 2 years) at which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

A

sensorimotor stage

41
Q

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

A

object permanence

42
Q

the stage (about 2-7 years old) at which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

A

preoperational stage

43
Q

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

A

conservation

44
Q

the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

A

egocentrism

45
Q

the stage of cognitive development (7-11 years old) at which children can perform the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

A

concrete operational stage

46
Q

the stage of cognitive development (around age 12) at which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

A

formal operational stage

47
Q

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

A

scaffold

48
Q

people’s ideas about their own and others mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

A

theory of mind

AP Psych (10 decks)

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