3.1-3.4

Question 1

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development throughout the lifespan

Answer 1

developmental psychology

Question 2

research that compares people of different ages at the same period in time

Answer 2

cross-sectional study

Question 3

research that follows and retests the same people over time

Answer 3

longitudinal study

Question 4

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Answer 4

teratogens

Question 5

physical and cognitive function deficits in children caused by their birth mother’s heavy drinking during pregnancy. In severe cases, symptoms include a small, out-of-proportion head and distinct facial features

Answer 5

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Question 6

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Answer 6

habituation

Question 7

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Answer 7

maturation

Question 8

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

Answer 8

critical period

Question 9

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Answer 9

adolescence

Question 10

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

Answer 10

puberty

Question 11

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

Answer 11

menopause

Question 12

the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male, female, and intersex.

Answer 12

sex

Question 13

the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sex

Answer 13

gender

Question 14

possessing male and female biological sexual characteristics at birth

Answer 14

intersex

Question 15

any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Answer 15

aggression

Question 16

an act of aggression intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

Answer 16

relational aggression

Question 17

the sex chromosome found in females and males. Females have 2, males have one.

Answer 17

X Chromosome

Question 18

The sex chromosome typically found only in males

Answer 18

Y chromosome

Question 19

the most important male sex hormone. Stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty

Answer 19

testosterone

Question 20

sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts in females than by males.

Answer 20

estrogens

Question 21

the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible

Answer 21

primary sex characteristics

Question 22

non reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

Answer 22

secondary sex characteristics

Question 23

the first ejaculation

Answer 23

spermarche

Question 24

the first menstral period

Answer 24

menarche

Question 25

a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Answer 25

role

Question 26

a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for men and women

Answer 26

gender role

Question 27

any physical or verbal behavior of a sexual nature that is unwanted or intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Answer 27

sexual aggression

Question 28

our personal sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male and female, regardless of whether this identity matches our sex assigned at birth, and the social affiliation that may result from this identity

Answer 28

gender identity

Question 29

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

Answer 29

social learning theory

Question 30

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

Answer 30

gender typing

Question 31

blending traditionally masculine and traditionally feminine psychological characteristics

Answer 31

androgyny

Question 32

our thoughts, feelings, and actions related to our physical attraction to another

Answer 32

sexuality

Question 33

having no sexual attraction toward others

Answer 33

asexual

Question 34

a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Answer 34

social script

Question 35

a person's sexual and emotional attraction to another person and the behavior and/or social affiliation that may result from this attraction

Answer 35

sexual orientation

Question 36

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication

Answer 36

cognition

Question 37

a concept of framework that organizes and interprets information

Answer 37

schema

Question 38

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Answer 38

assimilation

Question 39

adapting our current schemas to incorporate new information

Answer 39

accomodation

Question 40

the stage (birth to 2 years) at which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Answer 40

sensorimotor stage

Question 41

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

Answer 41

object permanence

Question 42

the stage (about 2-7 years old) at which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

Answer 42

preoperational stage

Question 43

the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

Answer 43

conservation

Question 44

the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

Answer 44

egocentrism

Question 45

the stage of cognitive development (7-11 years old) at which children can perform the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Answer 45

concrete operational stage

Question 46

the stage of cognitive development (around age 12) at which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Answer 46

formal operational stage

Question 47

a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking

Answer 47

scaffold

Question 48

people's ideas about their own and others mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

Answer 48

theory of mind